Usman ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815 when he retired from administrative duties.

Usman retired from administration of the state in 1815 and put Muhammed Bello in charge.

In 1815 he retired to his home in Bologna, where Domenico Barbaia, the impresario of the Naples theatre, contracted an agreement that made him musical director of the Teatro di San Carlo and the Teatro del Fondo at Naples.

Service in the Army was also attractive to young men from Highlands, who sent pay home and retired there with their army pensions, but the prosperity ended after 1815, and long-run negative factors began to undermine the economic position of the crofters.

On the second abdication of the emperor ( June 22, 1815 ) Fesch retired to Rome, where he spent the rest of his days in dignified ease, surrounded by numerous masterpieces of art, many of which he bequeathed to the cities of Lyon and Ajaccio.

In 1798 Dr. Aikin retired from professional life and devoted himself with great industry to various literary undertakings, among which his General Biography ( 10 vols., 1799 – 1815 ) holds a conspicuous place.

After this, he appears to have taken shore posts at Chatham, Plymouth and Woolwich until he retired with the rank of Major-General in at the end of 1815.

He joined the Army Commissariat and toured Malta and Sicily He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily and in 1815, was forced by ill health to return to England where he subsequently retired on half pay.

When the Empire fell in 1814 Cambacérès retired to private life, but was recalled during Napoléon's brief return to power in 1815.

Under the Consulate and Empire, Lakanal resumed his professional work, as a professor at the Lycée Charlemagne, and after the battle of Waterloo ( 1815 ), he retired to the United States.

Dance retired from practice in 1815.

After the general peace he held a command from 1815 to 1818, when he retired from active service and settled on his Hanoverian estate of Banteln near Hildesheim.

In 1815 he was appointed to the Board of Naval Commissioners, serving through the Second Barbary War until he retired in 1837.

In 1815, he retired at half-pay with the rank of lieutenant.

In 1815 he retired from the army, in which he held the rank of colonel, devoting the remainder of his life to topographical and antiquarian studies.

After 1815 Bonne-Carrre retired into private life, directing a profitable business in public carriages between Paris and Versailles.

He retired after the Congress of Vienna, and disliked the postponement of the representative system of government which Frederick William had promised to Prussia in May 1815.

He retired in 1815 and a year later published The Law of Baron and Femme a legal analysis of domestic relations that went into four editions and was the pre-eminent American treatise on family law for much of the 19th century.

From 1809 to 1814, under the Empire, he represented his département in the Lower House ( Corps législatif ); in 1814 he voted for the downfall of Napoleon ; in 1815 he retired into private life, and in 1816 he was elected a member of the Institute ( Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ).

After the first abdication of the emperor ( 11 April 1814 ), Mollien retired into private life, but took up his ministerial duties at the appeal of Napoleon during the Hundred Days ( 1815 ), after which he again retired.

The Restoration government looked with suspicion on the most dashing cavalry leader of the younger generation, and in 1815 Curély, who during the Hundred Days had rallied to his old leader, was placed on the retired list.

In the century from 1815 to 1914 the law of nations became international law.

In 1815 he was commissioned by the Pope to superintend the transmission from Paris of those works of art which had formerly been conveyed thither under the direction of Napoleon.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

Study of the campaign of 1815, based on sources from all participating armies.

The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815.

He was crowned Emperor of the French and ruled from 1804 – 1814, 1815.

* Napoleon II ( 1815 ), styled King of Rome from birth, but never reigned

Clausewitz served in the Rhine Campaigns ( 1793 – 1794 ) including the Siege of Mainz, when the Prussian army invaded France during the French Revolution, and served in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815.

In 1803 the regiments of dragoons began to be called light cavalry and shortly after 1815 this class of cavalry disappeared from the Spanish Army.

Jenner married Catherine Kingscote ( died 1815 from tuberculosis ) in March 1788 after meeting her while he and other Fellows were experimenting with balloons.

Napoleon's infant son, Napoleon II, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned ( as opposed to ruled ) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815.

Later, in 1815, the Portuguese Prince Regent ( since 1816 king D. João VI ) proclaimed the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve, as a union of three kingdoms, lifting Brazil from its colonial status.

* 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.

Some English government officials felt that Louis Bonaparte was seeking foreign adventure in the spirit of his uncle — Napoleon I. Consequently, these officials felt that any close association with Louis Bonaparte would eventually lead Britain into another series of wars, like the wars with France and Napoleon dating from 1793 until 1815.

The " long nineteenth century ", from 1789 to 1914 sees the drastic social, political and economic changes initiated by the Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, and following the reorganisation of the political map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the rise of Nationalism, the rise of the Russian Empire and the peak of the British Empire, paralleled by the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

The population of the German Confederation ( excluding Austria ) grew 60 % from 1815 to 1865, from 21, 000, 000 to 34, 000, 000.

After 1815, the urban population grew rapidly, due primarily to the influx of young people from the rural areas.

Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather, textiles, iron, coal, sugar, rope, sailcloth, glassworks, breweries, and soapworks, setting the foundations for the city's emergence as a leading industrial centre after 1815.

Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder was a Regierungsbezirk ( governorate ), or administrative region, of Prussia from 1815 until 1945.

In 1813, the region fell again under Habsburg domain and in 1815 it was included in the Austrian administrative unit of Lombardy-Venetia.

These include: Potter's Tavern, said to have been built in the 1750s, but restored to its appearance in 1776 when it was home to The Plain Dealer, considered New Jersey's first newspaper ; Brearley ( Masonic ) Lodge, founded by General James Giles in 1795, and still active ; the so-called " Nail House " ( c. 1815 ; second build c. 1855 ), administrative home of the Cumberland Nail & Iron Works that established Bridgeton's industrial prowess in the early nineteenth century ; the first Cumberland National Bank building ( 1816 ), only the second bank chartered in New Jersey ( now part of the Bridgeton Library ); and the David Sheppard House ( 1791 ), recently restored with assistance from the Garden State Historic Trust and home to the Cousteau Coastal Center of Rutgers University since 2008.

After 1815, Prussia's defeats by Napoleonic France highlighted the need for administrative, economic, and social reforms to improve the efficiency of the bureaucracy and encourage practical merit-based education.

From 1815, the town was the capital of Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen administrative district in the Province of East Prussia.

The Prussian administrative reform of 30 April 1815 placed Mark within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Province of Westphalia.

In 1815, during the Congress of Vienna, Prince João created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ( Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves ), elevating Brazil to the rank of Portugal and increasing the administrative independence of Brazil.

In 1724 Belgard was made the capital of a county in the Province of Pomerania, and after the administrative reorganization in 1815, the capital of Landkreis Belgard.

The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Posen in the years 1815 – 1849, and later to simplify just the Province of Posen (, ).

Kalisz Voivodeship ( 2 ) 1815 – 1837 (), was an administrative unit of Poland from 1815 – 1919.

* Siedlce Department (): a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806 – 1815.

Kreis Birnbaum () from 1815 until 1920 was an administrative district ( Landkreis ) in the west of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen and the succeeding Province of Posen, part of Regierungsbezirk Posen.

While the Poles constituted the majority of population in the area, they held only 4 out 21 official posts of higher level. Despite the colonization action carried on during period 1793 — 1806 there were hardly 11. 1 per cent of Germans in Poznań in 1815 5 From 1832 Poles could no longer hold higher posts at local administrative level ( landrat ).

In addition to 1815 Massachusetts Avenue ( see Porter Exchange and local " Japantown ", below ), Lesley University also has administrative offices at 815 Somerville Avenue and an auditorium at 1801 Massachusetts Avenue.

After the British took control of the entire island of Ceylon in 1815 it was divided into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil.

The Eau Rouge has been a border river for several periods in its existence, including an administrative boundary under the Roman Empire between Cologne and Tongeren, and the state border between The Netherlands and Prussia from 1815 to 1839 and then between Belgium and Prussia from 1839 to 1919.

However it remained until 1815 the seat of its own administrative authority ( Consistory of the district of Naumburg-Zeitz ).

Warsaw Department ( Polish: Departament Warszawski ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806 – 1815.

Łomża Department ( Polish: Departament Łomzyński ) was an administrative division and local government in the Polish Duchy of Warsaw in the years 1806 – 1815.

Kraków Department ( Polish: Departament krakowski ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1809 – 1815.

Kalisz Department () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806 – 1815.

Płock Department ( Polish: Departament płocki ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Polish Duchy of Warsaw from 1806 to 1815.