These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Here he remained until called to succeed Philip Marheineke at Berlin in 1847 ; subsequently he became university preacher, rector of the university, provost of St Nicolai ( in 1854 ) and member of the supreme council of the church, in which last capacity he was one of the ablest and most active promoters of the Evangelical Union.

To change the town's architecture and break with its rural past, the town council passed a decree banning the construction of new wooden houses in 1847.

Created cardinal ( June 11, 1847 ), one of the Church's last true cardinal deacons, he was chosen by Pius IX to preside over the council of state entrusted with the drafting of a constitution for the Papal States.

On 26 November 1847, the Sonderbund council dissolved in Flüelen without a formal vote.

In 1847, he became a member of Bytown's first city council.

When Bytown was incorporated as a town on July 28, 1847, the new city council recognized the need for an organized market area, and made this one of their first priorities.

On December 27, 1847, when Young organized a new First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve only had seven of its twelve members present to represent a council to decide the Presidency.

He then held the post of ambassador at Paris, until again called to preside over the council of ministers as the 28th Prime Minister from 16 March 1846 to 4 April 1846 and 105th Minister of Foreign Affairs from 16 March 1846 to 5 April 1846, and again as the 34th Prime Minister and 111th Minister of Foreign Affairs on 4 October 1847 ; but misunderstandings with Maria Cristina led to his resignation as Minister on 23 October 1847 and as Prime Minister in the following year on 19 October 1849.

Friel was elected to Bytown's first town council in 1847.

He was elected to the first council for Bytown in 1847 and became mayor in 1848.

After the Texas Rangers ordered 1, 000 of his revolvers during the American war with Mexico in 1847, his business expanded rapidly.

In January 1847, Buckner was ordered to Vera Cruz with William J.

Cecilio Chi, the Maya leader of Tepich, along with Jacinto Pat attacked Tepich on 30 July 1847, in reaction to the indiscriminate massacre of Mayas, Chi ordered that all the non-Maya population be killed.

From 1847 they built a number of engines to the Crampton pattern, the first two, Namur and Liege, being ordered in 1845 by G and J Rennie for the Namur and Liege Railway.

He was then ordered by the Shah to Tehran in January 1847 ; after spending several months in a camp outside Tehran, the Prime Minister sent the Báb to Tabriz in the northwestern corner of the country, where he was confined.

Nearly five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.

Greenwich Mean Time was adopted across the island of Great Britain by the Railway Clearing House in 1847, and by almost all railway companies by the following year, from which the term " railway time " is derived.

However, " banquets " were still legal and all through 1847, there was a nation-wide campaign of democracy and / or republican banquets.

In 1847 the Newport church suddenly maintained that it was the first Baptist church in America, but virtually all historians have dismissed this claim.

In 1847, under King Charles Albert, the Perfect fusion between Sardinia, Piedmont and all other territories granted equal rights to all inhabitants of the Kingdom, who became an unitary state and the basic legislation of the future united Italy.

The treaty was agreed to at a meeting in San Saba County, Texas, and signed by all parties on May 9, 1847 in Fredericksburg, Texas.

In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the Naval General Service Medal with clasp " St. Vincent " to all surviving claimants from the battle.

The names of all seven satellites of Saturn then known come from John Herschel ( son of William Herschel, discoverer of the planet Uranus, and two other Cronian moons, Mimas and Enceladus ) in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope, wherein he suggested the names of the Titans, sisters and brothers of Cronos ( Saturn, in Roman mythology ), be used.

Around Monte Rosa, the Vincent family, Josef Zumstein ( 1783 – 1861 ), and Giovanni Gnifetti ( 1801 – 1867 ) did good work during the half century between 1778 and 1842, while in the Eastern Alps the Archduke John ( 1782 – 1850 ), Prince F. J. C. von Schwarzenberg, archbishop of Salzburg ( 1809 – 1885 ), Valentine Stanig ( 1774 – 1847 ), Adolf Schaubach ( 1800 – 1850 ), above all, P. J.

Atta Troll was not published until 1847, but Deutschland appeared in 1844 as part of a collection Neue Gedichte (" New Poems "), which gathered all the verse Heine had written since 1831.

In 1847 Gabriel Lamé announced a solution of Fermat's Last Theorem for all -- i. e., that the Fermat equation has no solutions in nonzero integers, but it turned out that his solution hinged on the assumption that the cyclotomic ring is a UFD.

In June 1847, after four years of study at Oberlin College, all the while teaching, mending clothes, and cleaning houses to pay for the costs, Lucy Stone graduated with honors.

*" How To Live on Christ " a pamphlet by Harriet Beecher Stowe, taken from her Introduction to Chistopher Dean's " Religion As It Should Be or The Remarkable Experience and Triumphant Death of Ann Thane Peck " published in 1847 Hudson Taylor sent a pamphlet using the words of this preface out to all the missionaries of the China Inland Mission in 1869.

In 1847, when he severed his connection with The Nation, he says, " I had watched the progress of the famine policy of the Government, and could see nothing in it but a machinery, deliberately devised, and skillfully worked, for the entire subjugation of the island — the slaughter of portion of the people, and the pauperization of the rest ," and he had therefore " come to the conclusion that the whole system ought to be met with resistance at every point, and the means for this would be extremely simple, namely, a combination among the people to obstruct and render impossible the transport and shipment of Irish provisions ; to refuse all aid to its removal ; to destroy the highways ; to prevent everyone, by intimidation, from daring to bid for grain and cattle if brought to auction under ' distress ' ( a method of obstruction which put an end to Church tithes before ); in short, to offer a passive resistance universally ; but occasionally, when opportunity served, to try the steel.

Although Fairbairn tested the girders before installation, not all were so well designed, and there were many examples of catastrophic failure in the years to come, resulting in the Dee bridge disaster of 1847 and culminating in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879.

The catalog sequence numbers for all of the observed stars, including this one, were added to the original catalog by a later editor in an 1847 republication.

The names of all seven then-known satellites of Saturn, including Mimas, were suggested by William Herschel's son John in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope.

Victorian threepences were produced both for maundy use and for normal circulation in all years between 1838 and 1901 except 1847, 1848, and 1852 ( probably because of the possible advent of a decimal currency at the time ( see florin ), when the 3d at 1 / 80th of a pound would not have fitted within a decimal system.

The work was designed by Telford's associate, James Walker and completed by 1847, but not all of the traffic expected to return to using the canal did so.

There were food riots all through 1840 to 1847 ; radical groups proliferated in Rome.

This was never implemented ( despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees ) primarily due to lack of space, although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member's name, date of nomination, and ( for the two higher classes ) optionally the coat of arms.

The idea had been suggested earlier by Christian Bunsen who wrote, " I ventured in 1847 to unite all these under the name of Turanian.

Among the many new white arrivals at Waiilatpu in 1847 was Joe Lewis.

" Amazing Grace ", with the words written by Newton and joined with " New Britain ", the melody most currently associated with it, appeared for the first time in Walker's shape note tunebook Southern Harmony in 1847.

Several of Alexander's works were published in the Aldine edition of Aristotle, Venice, 1495 – 1498 ; his De Fato and De Anima were printed along with the works of Themistius at Venice ( 1534 ); the former work, which has been translated into Latin by Grotius and also by Schulthess, was edited by J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1824 ; and his commentaries on the Metaphysica by H. Bonitz, Berlin, 1847.

** edited by Leonhard von Spengel, with commentary in Latin, Leipzig, 1847 ( online )

The Habsburgs founded a number of monasteries ( with some structures enduring, e. g., in Wettingen and Muri ), the closing of which by the government in 1841 was a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Swiss civil war – the " Sonderbund War " – in 1847.

In 1847 a small political crisis occurred which removed Bentinck from the leadership and highlighted Disraeli's differences with his own party.

Work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing ( The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery ) 1826 – 1831, with Montagu House demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade, initiated in 1843 and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.

Years later, in 1847, the Chilean government entrusted the young poet Eusebio Lillo with a new text that would replace the anti-Spain poem of Vera y Pintado, and after being analyzed by Andrés Bello, retained the original chorus (" Dulce patria, recibe los votos ...").

In 1847 the railway came to Emsworth with the construction of the West Coastway Line, Emsworth railway station was built to serve the town.

Many tried to encourage Douglass to remain in England to be truly free of the fear of chains, but with three million of his black brethren in bondage in the US, he left England in spring of 1847.

After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture.

Revolts soon broke out and the country descended into near anarchy, with a series of transient presidents until March 1847, when General Faustin Soulouque, a former slave who had fought in the rebellion of 1791, became President.

There were, however, also moves towards reunion, beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the United Secession Church in 1820, which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church, which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900 to form the United Free Church of Scotland.

Any hope for change was squashed with the death of the political leader championing for Ireland, Daniel O ’ Connell in 1847 and the failed rising of the Young Irelanders in 1848.

In 1847 his first Salon success came with the exhibition of a painting Oedipus Taken down from the Tree, and in 1848 his Winnower was bought by the government.

He followed this with The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1847 ), a response to the French anarcho-socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty and a critique of French socialist thought in general.

Karl Wittgenstein ( 1847 – 1913 ) became an industrial tycoon, and by the late 1880s was one of the richest men in Europe, with an effective monopoly on Austria's steel cartel.

During their 133 years in power ( 1847 – 1980 ), the Americo-Liberian ruling class had a complicated relationship with the U. S.

His engagement for the Lowell Institute lectures precipitated the establishment of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University in 1847 with him as its head.

Lower Town began to develop in 1847 with the completion of the Franklin Avenue ( now Grand River Avenue ) covered bridge over the Grand River.

Furthermore, she was able to cope with such dramatic roles as " Azucena " and " Ulrica " in Verdi's Il trovatore and Un ballo in maschera, and even with the baritone role of " Don Carlo " in Ernani ( London, 1847 ).