Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.

Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of monarchy ( Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy ), and two additional revolutions ( 1830 and 1848 ) as modern France took shape.

Founded on 14 June 1848 by the orders of the democratically elected Frankfurt Parliament the Reichsflottes brief existence ended with the failure of the revolution and was disbanded on 2 April 1852 ; thus, the modern Marine celebrates its birthday on 14 June.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F. N.

* September 12 – One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.

Harald Hjärne ( 1848 – 1922 ) pioneered modern historical scholarship.

( Despite recent finds indicating a Roman presence near the modern city of Minden, its location remains disputed ; other sites near Minden or Rinteln have been suggested by the historian Hans Delbrück ( 1848 – 1929 ) and the military writer Kurt Pastenaci ( 1894 – 1961 ), respectively.

Frege was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ( the modern German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ).

The term and modern concept of " social justice " was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati.

The center of modern El Dorado Hills lies about 13 miles from the 1848 gold discovery site in Coloma, where the California Gold Rush began.

To put that in perspective are a biography by Prosper Mérimée, Histoire de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille ( 1848 ) and a modern history setting Peter in the social and economic context of his time by Clara Estow ( Pedro the Cruel of Castile ( 1350 – 1369 ), 1995 ).

* Jöns Jakob Berzelius ( 1779 – 1848 ; professor at KI ), invented modern chemical notation and is considered one of the fathers of modern chemistry ; discoverer of the elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium.

There were several attempts to create a modern nation state, most prominently in the Revolution of 1848.

In the United States, in 1887, the otolaryngologist John Orlando Roe ( 1848 – 1915 ) performed the first, modern endonasal rhinoplasty ( closed rhinoplasty ), about which he reported in the article The Deformity Termed “ Pug Nose ” and its Correction, by a Simple Operation ( 1887 ), and about his management of saddle nose deformities.

The spelling Aigburgh ( or, more rarely, Aighburgh ) is sometimes found in old publications and historical documents ( for example, S. Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England ( 1848 )), as well as in modern references to former residents and is occasionally seen as an alternative ( if incorrect ) spelling today.

Govan received his primary education from private tutoring and then attended South Carolina College ( modern day University of South Carolina ) graduating in 1848.

The document is thus certainly not a late forgery tied to the emergence of the modern federal state in 1848.

It must have been with some pleasure and relief that on September 12, 1848, Joseph Brown made the momentous entry in his job book, in his characteristically cryptic style, `` Lucian Sharpe came to work for me this day as an apprentice ''.

His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

The 10-hour day was established in 1848, and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter.

1848 edition of American Phrenological Journal published by Fowlers & Wells, New York City. In the Victorian age, phrenology as a psychology was taken seriously and permeated the literature and novels of the day.

November 7: U. S. presidential election, 1848 | The first US presidential election held in every state on the same day sees United States Whig Party | Whig Zachary Taylor of Virginia defeat United States Democratic Party | Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan.

* November 7 – U. S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.

The California leaves New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco, California after the 4 month 21 day journey.

In March 1848, Garrison, the Motts, Abby Kelley Foster, Stephen Symonds Foster and others hosted an Anti-Sabbath meeting in Boston, to work toward the elimination of laws that apply only to Sunday, and to gain for the laborer more time away from toil than just one day of rest per week.

On July 19, 1848, the morning of the first day of convention, the organizing committee arrived at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel shortly before ten o ' clock on a hot, sunny day to find a crowd gathered outside and the church doors locked — an overlooked detail.

The first permanent settlement in present day Brevard was established near Cape Canaveral in 1848.

Rabbi Salanter set an example for the Lithuanian Jewish community during the cholera epidemic of 1848, making sure that necessary relief work on Shabbat for Jews was done by Jews ( despite the ordinary prohibition against doing work on Shabbat ), and ordering Jews whose lives were in danger to eat rather than fast on the fast day of Yom Kippur.

The paper was afterwards published at 4 D ' Olier Street from 13 July 1844, to 28 July 1848, when the issue for the following day was seized and the paper suppressed, and Middle Abbey Street on its revival in September, 1849.

The R498 links Thurles to Nenagh. Thurles railway station opened on 13 March 1848. and is one the best served railways stations in the country, On average, there are more than 16 trains from Cork to Dublin that serve Thurles every day.

Market day ( August 1848 )

The 1848 constitutional provision providing for the Federal Counciland indeed the institution of the Council itselfhas remained unchanged to this day, even though Swiss society has changed profoundly since.

The Mexican-American War, followed by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, extended U. S. control over a wide range of territory once held by Mexico, including the present day borders of Texas and the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California.

* November 7, 1848: U. S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor defeated Lewis Cass in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.

From 1848 until independence, the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria was administered as an integral part of France, much like Corsica and Réunion are to this day.

In the same year, the Kingdom of Lombardy – Venetia revolted against the Austrian Empire in the Five Days of Milan, forming the Provisional Government of Lombardy on 22 March 1848 and Provisional Government of Venice, or " Republic of San Marco ", a day later.

Green coloured street mail boxes were installed in 1848, the same year stamped envelopes were issued ; orange mailboxes for same day service appeared near railway stations in 1851, and post stamps appeared in 1857.

1843 – 1855 ), an important work in its day, which was translated into English for the Cavendish Society by Henry Watts in 1848 – 1850.

For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the " Statuto Albertino ", the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the King was customary, but not required by law.

Thus, Veneto would remain under Austrian rule, except for some cities which declared their independence in 1848, until it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.

In the 19th century it was the second most important town in what was to become the future Italy for the production of leather, and in 1848 the Sassarese entrepreneur Giovanni Antonio Sanna gained control of the mine at Montevecchio, becoming the third richest man in the new Kingdom of Italia.

In the following year, in 1848, revolutionary movements developed throughout Western Europe including France, Germany and Italy.

He spent fourteen years there, taking part in several wars, and returned to Italy in 1848.

During the Revolutions of 1848 he agreed to a constitutional regime that remained in place for the century that the Kingdom of Italy lasted.

Charles Albert on the other hand calls himself pompously the " liberator of Italy " while on the very people he is supposed to be liberating he imposes as a condition the yoke of his rule ( Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 73, 12 August 1848 ).

In 1848 under the Statuto Albertino Charles Albert conceded a constitution to the Kingdom of Sardinia including the parts of north-western Italy, such as Piedmont.

In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the 4 March 1848 Statute of the Kingdom of Italy, that " the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State ".

Four hundred Italian Jesuit priests left Italy for the American West between 1848 and 1919.

In 1848, revolutionary riots broke out in numerous places of Italy, as well in many other parts of Europe.

They displayed his rejection of liberalism and the modernizing goals of the 1848 Wallachian revolution ( perceived as " an abstract apology of Mankind " and " ape-like imitation of Europe "), as well as for democracy itself ( accusing it of " managing to crush all attempts at national renaissance ", and later praising Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy on the grounds that, according to Eliade, " Italy, he who thinks for himself is promoted to the highest office in the shortest of times ").

In order to progress with these studies, he spent three years in Italy, and, on his return, published a Vorschule zur bildenden Kunst der Alten ( 1848 ) and an essay on Die neapolitanischen Malerschulen.

They founded a new secret society called the Young Italy in which many members would be channeled to the Carbonari, whole without supporters, practically ceased to exist, although the official history of this important company had continued wearily until 1848.

Giusti entered heart and soul into the political movements of 1847 and 1848, served in the national guard, sat in the parliament for Tuscany ; but finding that there was more talk than action, that to the tyranny of princes had succeeded the tyranny of demagogues, he began to fear, and to express the fear, that for Italy evil rather than good had resulted.

The flag of the Provisional Venetian Government ( 23 March 1848 – 24 August 1849 ) was an Flag of Italy | Italian tricolour, with the Lion of St. Mark.

In Italy, in the agricultural region of the southern Veneto, 1848 – 1875, taverns in the small towns were gathering places where the sharecroppers and tenant farmers learned of socialist and anarchist ideas, and formed groups to fight for independence from Austrian rule.

New democratic initiatives in Italy in the spring of 1848 led to a renewed conflict with Austrian forces in the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

The 1848 revolutions in the Italian states were organized revolts in the states of Italy led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government.

Between 1848 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy ( except for Venetia, Rome, Trento and Trieste, known as Italia irredenta, which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866, 1870, and 1918 respectively ); this period of Italian history is known as the Risorgimento, or resurgence.