In 1854, Westphal was appointed as a lecturer, but by the time of Gauss ' death in 1855, he had resigned from his astronomical duties and had been replaced by his colleague Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues.

He also held numerous academic appointments, notably the professorships of history ( from 1854 to 1856 ) and of political economy ( from 1855 to 1866 ) at Owens College.

His energy in these positions, notably during the famine of 1848, and the clearness and vigour of his reports, secured for him at the age of 29 the office of president of the council of the island of Montserrat on 14 February 1854.

For 25 years after 1830, Giulia Grisi triumphed in the role notably in St Petersburg in 1849 and New York in 1854.

Simón Rodríguez ( Caracas, Venezuela, October 28, 1769 – Amotape, Perú, February 28, 1854 ), known during his exile from Spanish America as Samuel Robinson, was a South American philosopher and educator, notably Simón Bolívar's tutor and mentor.

His productions ( from 1844 to 1862 ), notably of Macbeth ( 1844 ), Antony and Cleopatra ( 1849 ) and Pericles ( 1854 ), were much admired.

* Thomas A. Watson ( 1854 – 1934 ), inventor and assistant to Alexander Graham Bell, notably in the invention of the telephone

While the Hoved Line already in 1854 had been built with standard gauge, it was argued, notably by railway director Carl Abraham Pihl, that narrow gauge was more suitable for Norwegian landscape and also less expensive.

Although these ships were intended for coast defence some of them were used offensively, notably in the Baltic Campaign of 1854 and 1855, where they were an integral part of the British fleet.

He rendered service in helping to quell several disturbances in the community, most notably the 1854 Hokkien-Teochew Riots which broke out on 5 May 1854.

John Black ( died August 29, 1854 ) was a politician from the U. S. state of Mississippi, most notably serving in the United States Senate as a Whig from 1832 to 1838.

Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853, to February 25, 1854.

After Monterey, the state capital was variously San Jose ( 1850 – 1851 ), Vallejo ( 1852 – 1853 ) and Benicia ( 1853 – 1854 ) until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854.

Douglas County, named after Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, was established on February 8, 1854, from the larger La Pointe County, Wisconsin, and the City of Superior was immediately selected as the county seat.

In 1854, O ’ Neill ’ s Mill, as Neillsville was originally called, was selected as the county seat of Clark County.

When the Royal Panopticon ( afterwards the Alhambra in Leicester Square ) was originated in 1854 as a scientific institution, Buckingham was selected to write and deliver the explanatory description of the views of various countries, and more recently at the Egyptian Hall he was the lecturer engaged to illustrate Hamilton's Tour of Europe.

Since California was given official statehood by the U. S. in September 9, 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850, the state capital was variously San Jose ( 1850 – 1851 ), Vallejo ( 1852 – 1853 ) and Benicia ( 1853 – 1854 ), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854.

However, in 1854, yet again new lyrics were selected: " Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze / Unsern Kaiser, unser Land!

Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853 to February 25, 1854.

In late 1854, Lincoln ran as a Whig for the U. S. Senate seat from Illinois.

Four copies have been preserved of it, of which only one is complete ; but it was reprinted in facsimile in 1854 for the Bannatyne Club by the munificence of the Duke of Buccleuch.

Clipper Sovereign of the Seas ( clipper ) | Sovereign of the Seas set the record for World's Fastest Sailing Ship in 1854

Benton, intending to challenge Atchison in 1854, began to agitate for territorial organization of the area west of Missouri ( now the states of Kansas and Nebraska ) so it could be opened to settlement.

Meanwhile, Newson ’ s malting business expanded and five more children were born, Alice ( 1842 ), Millicent ( 1847 ), who was to become a leader in the constitutional campaign for women's suffrage, Sam ( 1850 ), Josephine ( 1853 ) and George ( 1854 ).

The Battle of Eureka Stockade ( by which the rebellion is popularly known ) was fought between miners and the Colonial forces of Australia on 3 December 1854 at Eureka Lead and named for the stockade structure erected by miners during the conflict.

Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War, and the harbour was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

In July 1854, Lewes and Evans travelled to Weimar and Berlin together for the purpose of research.

) This instigated the Crimean War in 1854 and began a tenser period of minor clashes among the globe-spanning empires of Europe that set the stage for the First World War.

One of the first examples of geographic methods being used for purposes other than to describe and theorise the physical properties of the earth is John Snow's map of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak.

From 1847 to 1854 Bruce was stipendiary magistrate for Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare, resigning the position in the latter year, when he entered parliament as Liberal member for Merthyr Tydfil.

The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches.

It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 – 1853, promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for " Ineffable God "), which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception:

By the age of 16, Booth was interested in the theatre and in politics, becoming a delegate from Bel Air to a rally by the Know Nothing Party for Henry Winter Davis, the anti-immigrant party's candidate for Congress in the 1854 elections.

The word " Kerosene " was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company ( to which Gesner had granted the right ) were allowed to call their lamp oil " Kerosene " in the United States.

The Kansas – Nebraska Act of 1854 () created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory.

William Crossing in his Guide to Dartmoor states that a well known Dartmoor guide ( James Perrott ) placed a bottle for visiting cards at Cranmere Pool on the northern moor in 1854.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

" Although there had been attempts to construct what had previously been called an " aquatic vivarium " ( a name Gosse found " awkward and uncouth "), Gosse published The Aquarium in 1854 and set off a mid-Victorian craze for household aquariums.

The site of his sepulchre was discovered by De Rossi in 1854, with some broken remnants of the Greek epitaph engraved on the narrow oblong slab that closed his tomb and only the Greek term for bishop readable.

Bernhard Riemann, in a famous lecture in 1854, founded the field of Riemannian geometry, discussing in particular the ideas now called manifolds, Riemannian metric, and curvature.

Higher dimensions were soon put on firm footing by Bernhard Riemann's 1854 Habilitationsschrift, Über die Hypothesen welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen, in which he considered a " point " to be any sequence of coordinates ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >, ..., x < sub > n </ sub >).

# Johann I Nepomuk Maria Joseph Anton Xaver Vincenz Aloys Franz de Paula Stanislaus Bernhard Paul Felix Damasus ( b. Dresden, 12 December 1801-d. Pillnitz, 29 October 1873 ), King of Saxony ( 1854 ).

Baron Bernhard August von Lindenau ( June 11, 1780 – May 21, 1854 ) was a German lawyer, astronomer, politician, and art collector.