* Childe Hassam ( 1859 – 1935 ), American Impressionist, stayed in the Florence Griswold House as part of the Old Lyme Art Colony

His other publications include Notes of Travel and Study in Italy ( 1859 ), and an Historical Study of Church-building in the Middle Ages: Venice, Siena, Florence ( 1880 ).

* Victory of Science Over Ignorance-Marble statue by Carlo Nicoli ; a copy of the original ( 1859 ) by Vincenzo Consani in the Pitti Palace, Florence.

The preliminary peace of Villafranca, agreed to between Napoleon III and Franz Joseph on 11 July, provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence, but Leopold himself was seen as too unpopular to be accepted, so on 21 July 1859 he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Ferdinand.

Born in Bay City, Michigan, List was the only child of German American parents, John Frederick List ( 1859 – 1944 ) and Alma Maria Barbara Florence List ( 1887 – 1971 )

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (, ) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence.

From 1829 to 1859, Antinori was director of the Regal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence where he worked with Leopoldo Nobili on electromagnetic induction.

For the sake of his health they moved in January 1859 to Florence, and then to Rome, where Frank Oliphant died.

He produced a number of novels, including The Maid of Warsaw, Woman's Wrongs, and The Painter of Florence, also some poems, The Battle Day ( 1855 ), The Revolt of Hindostan ( 1857 ), and Corayda ( 1859 ).

On the fall of the Austrian dynasty in Tuscany ( 27 April 1859 ), he returned to Florence, where he edited the newly founded newspaper La Nazione.

Florence Kelley ( September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932 ) was an American social and political reformer.

He and his family were forced to flee Florence on April 27, 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of a war by France and Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria as part of the unification of Italy.

On 27 April 1859, the Grand Duchy ceased to exist and the last ruling Grand Duke of Tuscany and his family peacefully quit Florence.

* Lady Florence Katharine Bridgeman ( 1859 – 1943 ), married the 5th Earl of Harewood on 5 November 1881.

Mary Stuart at the Camp of Crookstone, 1859 – 61, oil on canvas, 76 x 108 cm, Palazzo Pitti, Florence

The financial reward allowed him to marry Settimia Vannucci in July 1859 and to settle in Florence.

He worked desperately hard conspiring for the overthrow of the grand duke, assisted by all the liberal elements, and on the 27th of April 1859, Florence rose as one man, the troops refused to fire on the people, and the grand duke departed, never to return.

He graduated from Harvard University in 1855, subsequently studying engineering and chemistry, and taking the degree of bachelor of science at the Lawrence scientific school of the same institution in 1857 ; and in 1859 became an assistant in the United States Coast Survey.

In 1859, while attending the free school, the Académie Suisse, Pissarro became friends with a number of younger artists who likewise chose to paint in the more realistic style.

Haiti again became an empire from 1849 to 1859 under Faustin Soulouque.

The possibility of linking humans with earlier apes by descent only became clear after 1859 with the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

The young Villiers was to have a long parliamentary career, while Cockburn became Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859 ).

The military rule over the island which began from 1708 dissolved in 1859 and Puerto de Cabras ( now Puerto del Rosario ) became entirely the new capital.

Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859.

Lord Canning ( created earl in 1859 ), appointed Governor-General of India in 1856, became known as " Clemency Canning " as a term of derision for his efforts to restrain revenge against the Indians during the Indian Mutiny.

After he became regent in 1859, Prussia bought its first 312 steel cannon from Krupp, which became the main arms manufacturer for the Prussian military.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

After the publication of the improved method of flame spectroscopy by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff and the discovery of caesium and rubidium in the years 1859 to 1860, flame spectroscopy became an approved method to determine the composition of minerals and chemical products.

They became engaged in 1858 and married at St Michael at the Northgate, Oxford, on 26 April 1859, settling temporarily at 41 Great Ormond Street, London.

Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

While this eastern part became the Governorate of Bessarabia, the western part of Moldavia united, in 1859, with Wallachia in what would become the Kingdom of Romania.

Garfield gradually became discontented with teaching and began to study law in 1859.

In 1859, following a late night excursion to count the rings of tree stumps during a rain storm, he became ill with bronchitis.

Ferrara remained a part of the Papal States from 1598 to 1859, when it became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

During the war between Austria, France and Italy in 1859, he became Chief Medical Officer in the military.

Salem incorporated as a city in 1857 and with the coming of statehood in 1859 became the state capital.

In 1859, Albert Niemann of the University of Göttingen became the first person to isolate the chief alkaloid of coca, which he named " cocaine ".

The village became the county seat in 1859, replacing the Village of Angelica.

In 1819 the city became a free port, a status it retained until 1859.

Crossing the Kaskaskia became much easier when the bridge now known as the General Dean Suspension Bridge was built in 1859, at a cost of $ 40, 000.

Under the ownership of James Johnstone The Standard became a morning paper from 29 June 1857, with The Evening Standard being published from 11 June 1859.