Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

Similarly, after Garibaldi's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo, during the 1860 Unification of Italy, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel-symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule-was ceremoniously demolished.

In the 1860 United States Census the slave population in the United States had grown to four million, and in Reconstruction after the Civil War ( late 1860s ) the newly freed slaves became citizens with ( in the case of men ) a nominal right to vote.

After 1860, terbia was renamed erbia and after 1877 what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.

After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron ( after 1870, made of steel ), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world.

A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs, paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860.

In 1860, shortly after the Sepoy Rebellion in India, two British white supremacists, John Crawfurd and James Hunt, mounted a defense of British imperialism based on “ scientific racism ".

Abbott soon abandoned the legal profession, however, and after studying theology with his uncle, John Stevens Cabot Abbott, was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church in 1860.

Nerve cell bodies stained with basophilic dyes show numerous microscopic clumps of Nissl substance ( named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Franz Nissl, 1860 – 1919 ), which consists of rough endoplasmic reticulum and associated ribosomal RNA.

Von Soemmerring did not change his opinion that these forms were bats and this " bat model " for interpreting pterosaurs would remain influential long after a consensus had been reached around 1860 that they were reptiles.

Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, which was first patented in America in 1810 and then mass produced by 1860, although mass production began in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham.

While an " underground railroad " running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century, and reached its height between 1850 and 1860.

This was especially true for the Congregationalists and Presbyterians among them and ( after 1860 ), the Methodists.

Garfield was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856 – 1857 academic year and was made Principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860, successfully restoring it to viability after it had fallen on hard times.

This was finally resolved by Stanislao Cannizzaro, as announced at Karlsruhe Congress in 1860, four years after Avogadro's death.

Although they had lived peaceably with most Americans in the New Mexico Territory up to about 1860, the Chiricahua became increasingly hostile to American encroachment in the Southwest after a number of provocations had occurred between them.

Shortly after eight o ' clock on the morning of 29 January 1860, F A R Russell and three other people saw an alleged transit of an intra-Mercurial planet from London.

Bhatia believes that the earlier famines were localised, and it was only after 1860, during the British rule, that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country.

Ancona entered in the Kingdom of Italy when Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière surrendered here on 29 September 1860, eleven days after his defeat at Castelfidardo.

* Church of Sant ' Agostino, built by the Augustinians in 1341 as Santa Maria del Popolo, and enlarged by Luigi Vanvitelli in the 18th century and turned into a palace after 1860.

The allied Lakota and Arapaho bands and the unified Northern Cheyenne were involved in much of the warfare after 1860.

* Socrate Polara ( 1800 – 1860 ) ( Italy ), founded the first dedicated ophthalmology clinic in Sicily in 1829 entirely as a philanthropic endeavor ; later appointed as the first director of the ophthalmology department at the Grand Hospital of Palermo, Sicily ( Italy ) in 1831 after the Sicilian government became convinced of the importance of state support for the specialization.

It was the main Russian base on the Pacific coast from about 1650 to 1860, but lost its importance after the Amur Annexation in 1860.

On May 6, 1860, Garibaldi and his cadre of about a thousand Italian volunteers ( called I Mille ), steamed from Quarto near Genoa, and after a stop in Talamone on May 11 landed near Marsala on the west coast of Sicily.

Stanton was one of many conservative Democrats ( he supported Breckenridge in the 1860 election ) who became anti-slavery Republicans under Lincoln's leadership.

In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed.

The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery, and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate, Lincoln, won the 1860 election.

Alcott voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1860.

Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for the nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the general election, setting the stage for the American Civil War.

* 1860 – Abraham Lincoln makes a speech at Cooper Union in the city of New York that is largely responsible for his election to the Presidency.

Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, however, events accelerated.

In the election of 1860, he voted for the fusion ticket in New York which was opposed to Abraham Lincoln, but he could not approve of President Buchanan's course in dealing with secession and eventually supported Lincoln.

Just six years later, this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860.

He pointed to Canada's regional politics, as well as the U. S. presidential election of 1860, as examples of often temporary regional instability that occurs from time-to-time in otherwise stable two-party systems ( Riker, 1982 ).

The results in the Electoral College indicated that the Republican Party would probably win the next presidential election, in 1860, if it won just two more states, such as Pennsylvania and Illinois.

The United States presidential election of 1860 was a quadrennial election held on November 6, 1860, for the office of President of the United States and the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War.

However, he was able to regain enough money in his law practice to purchase an Illinois newspaper to support him in the presidential election of 1860, for which he gained the financial support of businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City.

After the election of Abraham Lincoln, having lived with relatives and friends in Massachusetts for three years, she returned to work at the patent office in the autumn of 1860, now as temporary copyist, in the hope she could pioneer to make way for more women in government service.

The climax was the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860, which led immediately to the secession of South Carolina, followed by six other cotton states.

The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln triggered a crisis as eleven slave states seceded to found the Confederacy in 1861.

In the election of 1860 Thompson was his state's leader of those who organized the Constitutional Union Party.

In the 1860 presidential election, he ran as one of two candidates of the fractured Democratic Party, representing Southern Democrats.

Breckinridge was an unsuccessful candidate for president in the 1860 election.

During the war between the states 13. 64 per cent of the voters in the 1860 election volunteered for service.

However, at the end of Reconstruction, the second " s " was quietly dropped and the designated honoree was changed to Stephen A. Douglas, an Illinois senator and the Democratic opponent of Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election of 1860 as evidenced by a historical marker about the creation of Douglas County: