When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

On September 13, 1861, in view of the decision of the Kentucky legislature to side with the Union after the occupation of Columbus by Polk, Johnston ordered Brig.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

* 1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D. C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.

* 1861: Unification of Italy after victories by Guiseppe Garibaldi

* 1861 – American Civil War, Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ), first land battle of American Civil War after Battle of Fort Sumter, first Confederate combat casualty.

On February 9, 1861, after Davis resigned from the United States Senate, he was selected to be the provisional President of the Confederate States of America ; he was elected without opposition to a six-year term that November.

Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

Maeshowe soon after opening in 1861

When the country could not reconcile the issue of slavery and the federal union, the southern Presbyterians split from the original PCUSA, forming the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America in 1861, which became the Presbyterian Church in the United States after the American Civil War.

It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31, 670 in 1861.

Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers.

Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern Presbyterian Church in the United States ( PCUS ) after it split from the northern Presbyterians in 1861.

These years were some of Wagner's most difficult: the 1861 Paris production of Tannhäuser was a fiasco, Wagner gave up hope of completing Der Ring des Nibelungen, the 1864 Vienna production of Tristan und Isolde was abandoned after 77 rehearsals, and finally in 1866 Wagner's first wife, Minna died.

However, after a disastrous staging of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra, Wagner offered the work to the Karlsruhe opera in 1861.

During and after the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) Confederates popularized it as a derogatory term for their Northern enemies.

This four terminal measurement technique is called Kelvin sensing, after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who invented the Kelvin bridge in 1861 to measure very low resistances.

It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861.

He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was captured by the Piedmontese troops on 13 February 1861 ; his kingdom was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina ( surrendered on 12 March 1861 ), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted until 20 March.

The current Earls of Pembroke also carry the subsidiary titles: Baron Herbert of Cardiff, of Cardiff in the County of Glamorgan ( 1551 ), Baron Herbert of Shurland, of Shurland in the Isle of Sheppey in the County of Kent ( 1605 ), and Baron Herbert of Lea, of Lea in the County of Wilts ( 1861 ).

For his part the Duke of Kent, aged 50, already considering marriage and encouraged into this particular match with her sister-in-law by his now deceased niece Princess Charlotte, became engaged to Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( 17 August 1786 – 16 March 1861 ) and the couple married on 29 May 1818 at Schloss Ehrenburg, Coburg, ( Lutheran rite ) and again on 11 July 1818 at Kew Palace, Kew, Surrey.

When the Kent government collapsed, and Hugh Hoyles was invited to form a minority Conservative government in 1861, Shea was offered a cabinet post but declined.

* Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, ( 1786 – 1861 ), Duchess of Kent, mother of Queen Victoria

In March 1861, Victoria's mother Victoria, Duchess of Kent, died at Frogmore.

Princess Marie Luise Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of Leiningen, Duchess of Kent ( Marie Luise Viktoria ; 17 August 1786 – 16 March 1861 ) was the mother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

* Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( 1786 – 1861 ), wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria

Constance Clara Garnett ( née Black ) ( 19 December 1861, Brighton, England – 17 December 1946, The Cearne, Crockham Hill, Kent ) was an English translator of nineteenth-century Russian literature.

The Carewes: A Tale of the Civil Wars ( W. Kent & Co, 1861 ).

* The Kent Unity was formed in 1805 ; its first Lodge, however, was not formed until 1861.

After an apprenticeship in the boxing booth of Nat Langham, he made his debut in 1857 and, in 1861, he won the title of Champion of England by defeating Sam Hurst at Medway Island, Kent.

In 1861 he played three first-class cricket matches for Kent.

The Marchioness Conyngham died in Canterbury, Kent, in October 1861.

Two months later ( 29 March 1858 ) the link with the North Kent Line at Strood was opened ; and the new railway reached Dover Priory in 1861.

Stanley Christopherson ( 11 November 1861 in Kidbrooke, Blackheath, Kent, England – 6 April 1949 in St John's Wood, London, England ) was the best of the ten Christopherson brothers who played the sport of cricket as an amateur in Kent in the late 19th century.

Frederick Martin ( 12 October 1861, Dartford, Kent, England – 13 December 1921, Dartford, Kent, England ) was a Kent left-arm spinner who was that county's leading bowler in the early years of the County Championship.

By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861.

Although it had at first been somewhat established in many colonies, in 1861 it was ruled that, except where specifically established, the Church of England had just the same legal position as any other church.

Her mother, Nadezhda Kalmykova, was the daughter of a former serf who had bought his freedom before serfdom was abolished in 1861, allowing him to become a wealthy Moscow merchant .< ref >

He married secondly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1861 to HH Edâdil Kadın Efendi ( 1845 – Dolmabahçe Palace, 12 December 1875 ), and had one child.

Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners ; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War ; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain.

After Italy was unified in 1861, many of Verdi's early operas were re-interpreted as Risorgimento works with hidden Revolutionary messages that probably had not been intended by either the composer or librettist.

In 1857, the king had a stroke and his brother William became regent, then became King William I in 1861.

George Finlay's 1861 History of Greek Revolution records that by 1831 Kapodistrias's government had become hated, chiefly by the independent Maniates, but also by the Roumeliotes and the rich and influential merchant families of Hydra, Spetses and Psara.

He continued to submit his works to the Salon, where his painting Spanish Singer had won a 2nd class medal in 1861, and he urged the others to do likewise, arguing that " the Salon is the real field of battle " where a reputation could be made.

Once Siena had been conquered by Florence under the rule of the Medici family in 1555, Montalcino held out for almost four years, but ultimately fell to the Florentines, under whose control it remained until the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was amalgamated into a united Italy in 1861.

His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 – 70 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L ' Osservatore Romano in 1861.

Thereafter, postage stamp use in the U. S. quickly doubled, and by 1861 had quadrupled.

When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army.

While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked.

The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions.

Nast's cartoons and articles about the Garibaldi military campaign to unify Italy captured the popular imagination in the U. S. In 1861, he married Sarah Edwards, whom he had met two years earlier.

He continued working on Mississippi riverboats and he had obtained his own by 1861, named Cotton Queen.

This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, as Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt ( plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives ) had to wait four months before they, and the incoming-Congresses, could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.

During the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy, as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills.