When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

On September 13, 1861, in view of the decision of the Kentucky legislature to side with the Union after the occupation of Columbus by Polk, Johnston ordered Brig.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

* 1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D. C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.

* 1861: Unification of Italy after victories by Guiseppe Garibaldi

* 1861 – American Civil War, Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ), first land battle of American Civil War after Battle of Fort Sumter, first Confederate combat casualty.

On February 9, 1861, after Davis resigned from the United States Senate, he was selected to be the provisional President of the Confederate States of America ; he was elected without opposition to a six-year term that November.

Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

Maeshowe soon after opening in 1861

When the country could not reconcile the issue of slavery and the federal union, the southern Presbyterians split from the original PCUSA, forming the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America in 1861, which became the Presbyterian Church in the United States after the American Civil War.

It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31, 670 in 1861.

Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers.

Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern Presbyterian Church in the United States ( PCUS ) after it split from the northern Presbyterians in 1861.

These years were some of Wagner's most difficult: the 1861 Paris production of Tannhäuser was a fiasco, Wagner gave up hope of completing Der Ring des Nibelungen, the 1864 Vienna production of Tristan und Isolde was abandoned after 77 rehearsals, and finally in 1866 Wagner's first wife, Minna died.

However, after a disastrous staging of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra, Wagner offered the work to the Karlsruhe opera in 1861.

During and after the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) Confederates popularized it as a derogatory term for their Northern enemies.

This four terminal measurement technique is called Kelvin sensing, after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who invented the Kelvin bridge in 1861 to measure very low resistances.

It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861.

He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was captured by the Piedmontese troops on 13 February 1861 ; his kingdom was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina ( surrendered on 12 March 1861 ), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted until 20 March.

During the American Civil War of 1861 – 1865, some soldiers pinned paper notes with their name and home address to the backs of their coats.

After 1861, new brass cartridges similar to modern cartridges replaced the paper cartridge, but Gatling did not switch to them immediately.

In his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force he modelled these magnetic lines of force using a sea of molecular vortices that he considered to be partly made of aether and partly made of ordinary matter.

Although Maxwell did not explicitly mention the sea of molecular vortices, his derivation of Ampère's circuital law was carried over from the 1861 paper and he used a dynamical approach involving rotational motion within the electromagnetic field which he likened to the action of flywheels.

This closed in 1861 and was immediately replaced by the longest running paper, the St Helena Guardian ( weekly, 1861 – 1925 ).

The first set of these equations was published in a paper entitled On Physical Lines of Force in 1861.

In Maxwell's 1861 paper ' On Physical Lines of Force ', magnetic field strength H was directly equated with pure vorticity ( spin ), whereas B was a weighted vorticity that was weighted for the density of the vortex sea.

Yet when we look at the B lines in isolation, we see exactly the aerodynamic scenario in so much as that B is the vortex axis and H is the circumferential velocity as in Maxwell's 1861 paper.

James Clerk Maxwell derived it again using hydrodynamics in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force and it is now one of the Maxwell equations, which form the basis of classical electromagnetism.

He added this displacement current to Ampère's circuital law at equation ( 112 ) in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force.

He was also editor of the paper from 1861 to 1872.

In July 1861, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue paper currency in lieu of coin due to the lack of funds needed to support the conflict.

With the dramatic redesign of currency in 1929 – the first major change since paper currency was first issued in 1861 – note design was not only standardized but note size was also significantly reduced.

The daily editions of the paper were started from 1850 and in 1861, the Bombay Times was renamed as The Times of India after amalgamation of three more newspapers.

Priced at three pence ( equal to £ today ), even before the repeal of the Stamp Act ( 1855 ) or paper duty ( 1861 ), it was the cheapest newspaper of its time and was aimed directly at the newly literate working classes.

Ludwig Immanuel Magnus ( March 15, 1790 – September 25, 1861 ) was a German Jewish mathematician who, in 1831, published a paper about the inversion transformation, which leads to inversive geometry.

Between 1854 and the start of his weekly paper, the Railroad Advocate and 1861, when Colburn went to work more or less permanently in London, England, the journalist was in frequent touch with M. W. Baldwin, as recorded in Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness.

These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the Reserve Bank of India.

In 1861 he published his first paper on Salamandridae classification ; over the next five years he published primarily on reptiles and amphibians.

In 1831, Richard Bright hypothesized that the disease arose from the dorsal root ganglion, and this was confirmed in an 1861 paper by Felix von Bärunsprung.

At Brunel's invitation Froude turned his attention to the stability of ships in a seaway and his 1861 paper to the Institution of Naval Architects became influential in ship design.

The idea was conceived by James Clerk Maxwell in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force in connection with the displacement of electric particles in a dielectric medium.