* Sir Halford John Mackinder ( 1861 – 1947 ), author of The Geographical Pivot of History, co-founder of the London School of Economics, along with the Geographical Association.

He attended Harrow School, before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College.

The father was a linguist and theologian who served as professor of sacred literature at Yale Divinity School from 1824 until his death in 1861.

His compositions were not enough to support him financially, and from 1861 to 1872 he supplemented his income by working as a church organist, which he enjoyed, and as a music teacher, sometimes at the Crystal Palace School, which he hated and gave up as soon as he could.

* The Girls ’ School which was established in 1861.

The Central London District School at Hanwell was built between 1856 and 1861 by a group of central London poor law unions to house and educate pauper children away from the workhouse ; the original site at Norwood having proved to be too small and unsuitable for extension.

* The Vaughan Library, Harrow School, Middlesex ( 1861 – 63 )

The friars started St. Lawrence Seminary High School in 1861 at Mount Calvary, Wisconsin, a school that is still owned and operated by the Capuchin Order.

From 1853 to 1861 Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria, arranged for the building to be used by the " National Art Training School ", later the Royal College of Art.

The son of barrister and registrar William Hazlitt and grandson of essayist and critic William Hazlitt, Hazlitt was educated at the Merchant Taylors ' School and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1861.

From 1861 – 67 Henley was a pupil at the Crypt Grammar School ( founded 1539 ).

The 15 clubs entering the competition are all amateur and mainly from the London area: Barnes, Civil Service, Clapham Rovers, Crystal Palace ( 1861 ), Donnington School, Hampstead Heathens, Harrow Chequers, Hitchin, Maidenhead, Marlow, Reigate, Priory, Royal Engineers, Upton Park, The Wanderers and Queen's Park ( Glasgow ).

By 1861 the town boasted a regular newspaper, banks, court house and School of Arts.

This group split from the main national body of Old School Presbyterianism, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ( PCUSA ), after that body's General Assembly passed the Gardiner Spring Resolutions passed in May 1861.

* Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr. ( 1790 – 1861 )— professor at Yale Divinity School who first spoke with the mutineers of the Amistad.

From the Hopkins Grammar School he went to Yale College, from which he was graduated with the class of 1861.

Kennelly was born December 17, 1861 in Colaba, in South Mumbai, India and was educated at University College School in London.

The Company established the Stationers ' Company's School in Bolt Court, Fleet Street in 1861 for the education of sons of members of the Company.

Beresford joined the Royal Navy in 1859 aged 13, following preparatory education at Stubbington House School, and started his training as a cadet at the naval training academy HMS Britannia ; successfully completing his passing-out examination in March 1861.

From 1856 to 1861 he was mathematical master at Westminster School, and he pursued geology only as a recreational activity, mainly in Alpine regions.

Although prior to 1861 the Old School refrained from denouncing slavery, the issue was a matter of debate between Northern and Southern components of the denomination.

Despite being a staunch Unionist politically, Hodge voted against the support for the " Spring Resolutions " of the 1861 General Assembly of the Old School Presbyterian Church, thinking it was not the business of the church to involve itself in political matters ; because of the resolutions, the denomination then split North and South.

In December 1861, the Southern Old School Presbyterian churches severed ties with the denomination.

This was again due to the influence of the Royal School who were playing in 1861 and probably earlier.

Abbot was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861.

He studied drawing and anatomy at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1861, and attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864-65.

He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861.

Similar recipes for macaroni and cheese occur in the 1852 Hand-book of Useful Arts, and the 1861 Godey's Lady's Book.

He studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts ( 1849 – 1861 ) under Petr Basin.

In 1861 he succeeded Abel de Pujol as member of the Academy of Fine Arts.

He ( unsuccessfully ) endeavoured to start a university in Poznań and co-founded the Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences ( PTPN ) in 1857, being elected to its presidency three times ( 1857 – 1858, 1861 – 1868, 1885 ).

He attended the University of Georgia ( UGA ) in Athens where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1861.

In 1861 Moon received one of the first Master of Arts degrees awarded to a woman by a southern institution.

He matriculated at the University of London ( 1859 ), and took its Bachelor of Arts degree ( 1861 ), Bachelor of Science ( 1862 ), Master of Arts ( 1864 ), and Bachelor of Laws ( 1866 ), and in 1883 he was given the honorary degree of DD by Bates College, United States, being known therefrom as Dr. Clifford.

In 1861, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Among his other contributions to science were a series of papers in the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Botanik ( 1844 – 1846 ); Die neueren Algensysteme ( 1847 ); Gattungen einzelliger Algen ( 1849 ); Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen ( 1855 – 1858 ), with Carl Eduard Cramer ; Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik ( 1858 – 1868 ); a number of papers contributed to the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, forming three volumes of Botanische Mitteilungen ( 1861 – 1881 ); and, finally, his volume, Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre, published in 1884.

In 1861 he took part in Torell's second Spitsbergen expedition and in 1864 he led the expedition promoted by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

* Prussian Academy of Sciences ( 1861 )

Carrington also won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1864, for his " Observations of Spots on the Sun from 9 November 1853 to 24 March 1861, Made at Redhill.

In 1857 he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1861 he was appointed professor of paleontology in the Muséum National d ' Histoire Naturelle in Paris.

Honors were heaped upon him ; he was made a member of the Academy of Sciences ; Heinrich Laube, as director of the Burgtheater, reinstated his plays into the repertory ; in 1861, he was elected to the Austrian Herrenhaus ; his eightieth birthday was a national festival, and when he died in Vienna, on the January 21, 1872, the mourning of the Austrian people was universal.

In 1861, in his report to the Academy of Sciences, he had supported and developed the ideas of William Herschel that stars are formed from the diffuse matter.

* Royal Society of Naples ( Academy of Sciences ) – 1861

Count István Tisza de Borosjenő et Szeged ( 22 April 1861, Pest – 31 October 1918, Budapest ) was a Hungarian politician, prime minister, and member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

In 1859 he became engineer in chief of mines, and in 1861 he was appointed professor of geology at the Museum d ' Histoire Naturelle in Paris and was also elected member of the French Academy of Sciences.

He was primarily a zoologist, but he also made significant botanical collections from San Diego to Fort Mohave, Arizona in 1861. Cooper was active in the California Academy of Sciences, eventually becoming Director of the Museum.

Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinsky ( Никола ́ й Дми ́ триевич Зели ́ нский in Russian ) ( February 6 n. s., 1861, Tiraspol, the largest city of Transnistria-July 31, 1953, Moscow ), Russian and Soviet chemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of USSR ( 1929 ).

In 1861, he graduated as bachelor in Philosophical Sciences in the school of Guanare.

He was elected member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1852, and life member of the Austrian Herrenhaus in 1861.