In January 1862, after many complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton as War Secretary.

Lincoln removed McClellan as general-in-chief and appointed Henry Wager Halleck in March 1862, after McClellan's " Harrison's Landing Letter ", in which he offered unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort.

Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.

As a result, Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans ; and, after the 1862 midterm elections, he replaced McClellan with Republican Ambrose Burnside.

On January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after a night march in the rain, attacked the Union force with some initial success.

Gen. Buell on February 25, 1862, two days after Johnston had to pull his forces out in order to avoid having them captured as well.

To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh ( April 1862 ) and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army.

* 1862 – American Civil War: the Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Daniel Defoe in the pillory, 1862 line engraving by James Charles Armytage after Eyre Crowe ( painter ) | Eyre Crowe

Furthermore, owing to entrenched opposition from Southern slave states, Haiti did not receive U. S. diplomatic recognition until 1862 ( after those states had seceded from the Union ) – largely through the efforts of anti-slavery senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts.

In 1862 he became Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, and in 1868, after losing his seat at Merthyr Tydfil, but being re-elected for Renfrewshire, he was made Home Secretary by William Ewart Gladstone.

Indeed, the first modernization of Malory's great compilation of Arthur's tales was published shortly after Idylls appeared, in 1862, and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended.

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

* 1862 – American Civil War: Union General Ambrose Burnside assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, after George B. McClellan is removed.

Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862.

Solano López consolidated his power after his father's death in 1862 by silencing several hundred critics and would-be reformers through imprisonment.

Soon after their marriage on June 15, 1862, the couple moved to San Francisco, California, where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, William Randolph Hearst, on April 29, 1863.

In 1862 Gray stated that he " began to collect postage stamps shortly after the system was established and before it had become a rage ".

* 1862 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.

Lamy was awarded a medal at the International Exhibition in London 1862: For the discovery of a new and abundant source of thallium and after heavy protest Crookes also received a medal: thallium, for the discovery of the new element.

Died of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862, about four months after his famous victory over the French army in Puebla.

In 1862, as a general he fought a series of battles and was promoted to major general after forcing the surrender of a large Confederate army and gaining control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee.

Joseph F. Tuttle, after whom Tuttle Grade School in Crawfordsville was named in 1906 and Tuttle Middle School in 1960, became President of Wabash College in 1862 and served for 30 years.

* On 4 October 1992 – El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo airplane heading to Tel Aviv, suffered physical engine separation of both right-wing engines (# 3 and # 4 ) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport.

The state had been internationally recognized as the Principality of Romania since 1862, after the creation of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, a personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia, at that time vassal states of the Ottoman Empire.

Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the capital of Moldavia ; then, between 1859 and 1862, both Iași and Bucharest were de-facto capitals of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.

* Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza

With Russia's 1856 defeat in the Crimean War, a part of southern Bessarabia including a part of Budjak ( Reni, Ismail, Bolgrad, Kilia ) was ceded by the Russian Empire back to the Principality of Moldavia, which soon united with Wallachia to form the United Principalities ( personal union: 1859 ; full union: 1862 ).

The title acquired an officially recognized meaning only after the 1862 union of Wallachia and Moldavia under Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

Negotiations amounted to an agreement over a minimal and formal union-however, elections for the ad-hoc divans of 1859 profited from an ambiguity in the text of the final agreement ( specifying two thrones, but not preventing the same person from occupying both ) and made possible the rule of Alexander Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia ( of Romania from 1862 ).

The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.

On July 23, 1862, the 527 Decree was issued regarding the unification of the postal administrations of Moldavia and Muntenia, starting with August 1, 1862.

Johnston and his wounded horse, named Fire Eater, were taken to his field headquarters on the Corinth road, where his body remained in his tent until the Confederate Army withdrew to Corinth the next day, April 7, 1862.

In this passage Lewis Carroll incorporated references to the original boating expedition of 4 July 1862 during which Alice's Adventures were first told, with Alice as herself, and the others represented by birds: the Lory was Lorina Liddell, the Eaglet was Edith Liddell, the Dodo was Dodgson, and the Duck was Rev.

In this passage Lewis Carroll incorporated references to everyone present on the original boating expedition of July 4, 1862 during which Alice's Adventures were first told, with Alice as herself, and the others represented by birds: the Lory was Lorina Liddell, the Eaglet was Edith Liddell, the Dodo was Lewis Carroll, and the Duck was Rev.

After a few presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again consuls of the republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 ( ruling jointly, but occasionally styled " first consul ", " second consul "): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán ( b. 1792 – d. 1862 ) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero ( d. 1853 ) ( the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army )

From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania ( 1862 ), that of Toulouse ( 1869 ), and that of Canada ( 1909 ).

Electricity and magnetism ( and light ) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his " On Physical Lines of Force " in 1861 and 1862.

Abbot's studies were chiefly in Oriental languages and textual criticism of the New Testament, though his work as a bibliographer showed such results as the exhaustive list of writings ( 5300 in all ) on the doctrine of the future life, appended to W. R. Alger's History of the Doctrine of a Future Life, as it has prevailed in all Nations and Ages ( 1862 ), and published separately in 1864.

In the fall of 1862, Confederate laws were changed to permit the employment of women in hospitals as members of the Confederate Medical Department.

He made other controversial strategic choices, such as allowing Lee to invade the North in 1862 and 1863 while the Western armies were under very heavy pressure.

Although the First Battle of Independence in August 1862 resulted in a Confederate victory, the Southerners were unable to follow up their win in any significant fashion, as the City of Kansas was occupied by Union troops and proved too heavily fortified for them to assault.

His own writing continued with four ( of a planned ten ) volumes of Natural History of the United States which were published from 1857 to 1862.

In the 19th century, the term " petroleum " was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal ( and later oil shale ), and refined oils produced from them ; in the United Kingdom, storage ( and later transport ) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 c. 66 onward.

In the Dungan revolt ( 1862 – 1877 ) of 1864, the Uyghurs were successful in expelling the Qing Dynasty officials from parts of southern Xinjiang, and founded an independent Kashgaria kingdom, called Yettishar ( English: " country of seven cities ").

The first public parks were established 1857 and 1862, and were designed by Giuseppe Balzaretto.

In 1862 the closest rail lines to Omaha / Council Bluffs were away and would take five years to reach Omaha.

By 1862, ski jumpers were tackling much larger jumps and traveling longer.

As soon as he returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862.

Two of these fords were near Fort Hall, where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side.

A number of battles were fought in the vicinity between 1862 and 1864, including the bloody Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863.

In December 1862, Forrest's veteran troopers were reassigned by Gen. Braxton Bragg to another officer, against his protest.

The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, Philadelphia ( 1876 ), 1889 Paris, 1893 Chicago, 1900 Paris, 1901 Buffalo, 1904 St. Louis and 1915 San Francisco were landmarks in this respect.

The Morrill Act of 1862 propelled domestic science further ahead as land grant colleges sought to educate farm wives in running their households as their husbands were being educated in agricultural methods and processes.