Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944 and 1945.

On 18 January 1871, the victorious Germans proclaimed the king of Prussia, Wilhelm I, emperor of Germany in the very Hall of Mirrors of the castle, in an attempt to take revenge for the conquests of Louis XIV two centuries earlier.

After World War I, the establishment of German identity in Alsace was reversed, as all Germans who had settled in Alsace since 1871 were expelled.

In the invasions of the War of the Sixth Coalition in 1814, anti-Napoleonic allied armies captured and re-captured Reims ; in 1870 – 1871, during the Franco-Prussian War, the victorious Germans made it the seat of a governor-general and impoverished it with heavy requisitions.

However, the Germans of East Prussia held Prussian, and after 1871, German citizenship because the territory they lived in was part of Prussia.

In October 1873 the islands were carefully surveyed by the Challenger, which removed to Cape Town two Germans, brothers named Stoltenhoff, who had been living on Inaccessible Island since November 1871.

Upon the 1871 Unification of Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Ostforschung concentrated on the achievements by Ethnic Germans in East-Central Europe on the basis of Ethnocentrism with significant anti-Slavic, especially anti-Polish notions, as propagated by the Pan-German League.

In late 1941, under the impact of the news of the deportations of German Jews to the death camps in Eastern Europe, Goerdeler submitted a memo to the German government calling for all Jews who had been German citizens or were descended from Jews who been German citizens before 1871 to be classified as Germans, and those Jews who were descended from Jews who had not lived within the borders of Germany prior to 1871 to be considered citizens of Jewish state whose creation would occur later.

In 1871 the town had 2272 inhabitants, of whom 1042 were Catholics ( mostly Poles ), 1070 were Evangelical Lutherans ( mostly Germans ) and 160 Jewish.

The relief decoration was removed at the request of the French forces in 1945, probably to prevent Germans from being reminded of former victories, especially the defeat of the French in 1871.

Those were soon emulated by the Germans with the 1871 Mauser.

He returned to Paris in 1871 just in time to see the Germans enter Paris.

Despite France's loss to the Germans the Galand performed successfully and the Imperial Russian Navy adopted the Galand model 1870 revolver in 1871.

In 1871, he contributed to Blackwoods Magazine a highly influential short story called The Battle of Dorking, a vivid account of a supposed invasion of England by the Germans after their victory over France.

Malatesta was introduced to Mazzinian Republicanism while studying medicine at the University of Naples ; however, he was expelled from the university in 1871 for joining a demonstration.

The Lazarists were expelled from Italy in 1871 and from Germany in 1873.

He was expelled from the university for his participation in student unrests in October 1871 and sent away from Odessa.

The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when Ibn Saud finally established the Saudi rule in the Eastern Province.

William Heard Kilpatrick ( 1871 – 1965 ) was a pupil of Dewey and one of the most effective practitioner of the concept as well as the more adept at proliferating the progressive education movement and spreading word of the works of Dewey.

She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede ( 1859 ), The Mill on the Floss ( 1860 ), Silas Marner ( 1861 ), Middlemarch ( 1871 – 72 ), and Daniel Deronda ( 1876 ), most of them set in provincial England and known for their realism and psychological insight.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Germany and Italy unified into nation states, and most European states had become constitutional monarchies by 1871.

Even though the revolutionaries were often defeated, most European states had become constitutional ( rather than absolute ) monarchies by 1871, and Germany and Italy had developed into nation states.

The most important political event during the existence of the International was the Paris Commune of 1871 when the citizens of Paris rebelled against their government and held the city for two months.

In addition, several animal species are so named, including Apistogramma agassizi Steindachner, 1875 ( Agassiz's dwarf cichlid ); Isocapnia agassizi Ricker, 1943 ( a stonefly ); Publius agassizi ( Kaup ), 1871 ( a passalid beetle ); Xylocrius agassizi ( LeConte ), 1861 ( a longhorn beetle ); Exoprosopa agassizi Loew, 1869 ( a bee fly ); and the most well-known, Gopherus agassizii Cooper, 1863 ( the desert tortoise ).

After 1871 there appeared resistance among the Masurians towards Germanization efforts, the so called Gromadki movement was formed which supported use of Polish language and came into conflict with German authorities ; while most of its members viewed themselves as loyal to Prussian state, a part of them joined the Pro-Polish faction of Masurians.

* Paintings of Thomas Eakins, a group of rowing scenes, first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull ( 1871 )

By 1871 he had met and befriended most of the major Pre-Raphaelite painters and it was in part due to their influence that the artist brightened his palette, varied his hues, and lightened his brushwork.

Gustave Courbet's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism.

The Local Government Board Act 1871 put the supervision of the Poor Law under the Local Government Board ( headed by G. J. Goschen ) and Gladstone's " administration could claim spectacular success in enforcing a dramatic reduction in supposedly sentimental and unsystematic outdoor poor relief, and in making, in co-operation with the Charity Organization Society ( 1869 ), the most sustained attempt of the century to impose upon the working classes the Victorian values of providence, self-reliance, foresight, and self-discipline ".

The departments of Moselle, Bas-Rhin, and most of Haut-Rhin were ceded to the German Empire in 1871, following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

The most important is the chronicle called Gesta consulum Andegavorum, of which only a poor edition exists ( Chroniques des comtes d ' Anjou, published by Marchegay and Salmon, with an introduction by E. Mabille, Paris, 1856 – 1871, collection of the Société de l ' histoire de France ).

The sarcophagus of William Butler Ogden in Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) | Woodlawn CemeteryOn October 8, 1871, Ogden lost most of his prized possessions in the Great Chicago Fire.

It is hard to determine how successful the Whirlwind was, as most of them were sold in Chicago and Boston, and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.

During the Meiji period an edict was passed in 1871 abolishing the requirement of the wearing of daishō by samurai, and in 1876 the wearing of swords in public by most of Japan's population was banned ; this ended the use of the daishō as the symbol of the samurai, and the samurai class was abolished soon after the sword ban.

The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871.

Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most known are Anton Karinger ( 1829 – 1870 ) from Ljubljana, Marko Pernhart ( 1824 – 1871 ) from Klagenfurt, Valentin Hodnik ( 1896 – 1935 ) from Stara Fužina, Edo Deržaj ( 1904 – 1980 ) from Ljubljana, and recently Marjan Zaletel ( born 1945 ), living in Ljubljana.

His most famous painting is Whistler's Mother ( 1871 ), the revered and oft parodied portrait of motherhood.

By 1871, Whistler returned to portraits and soon produced his most famous painting, the nearly monochromatic full-length figure entitled Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, but usually, and incorrectly, referred to as Whistler's Mother.

After the completion and premiere of the opera Aida in 1871, Verdi decided that it was time for him to end his successful career as a composer of opera, though he was easily the most popular, and possibly the wealthiest, composer in Italy during the time, much as Rossini had done after the completion of the opera William Tell.

The church of St John the Divine, Kennington, which was to be described by the poet John Betjeman as " the most magnificent church in South London ", was designed by George Edmund Street ( architect of the Royal Courts of Justice on Strand, London ), and was built between 1871 and 1874.

Eakins's first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull ( 1871 ; also known as The Champion Single Sculling ).

Woolner made his living mainly from creating statues of famous men, but his most personal and complex works in sculpture were what he called " ideal " groups, notably Civilization ( 1867 ) and Virgilia bewailing the absence of Coriolanus ( 1871 ).