American engineer Willard Gibbs ' 1873 figures two and three ( above left and middle ) used by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1874 to create a three-dimensional entropy ( x ), Volume ( thermodynamics ) | volume ( y ), energy ( z ) Maxwell's thermodynamic surface | thermodynamic surface diagram for a fictitious water-like substance, transposed the two figures of Gibbs ( above right ) onto the volume-entropy coordinates ( transposed to bottom of cube ) and energy-entropy coordinates ( flipped upside down and transposed to back of cube ), respectively, of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates ; the region AB being the first-ever three-dimensional representation of Gibbs free energy, or what Gibbs called " available energy "; the region AC being its capacity for entropy, what Gibbs defined as " the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume.

In 1874 The Woman's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) was founded by Annie Wittenmyer to work for the prohibition of alcohol ; with Frances Willard at its head ( starting in 1876 ), the WCTU also became an important force in the fight for women's suffrage.

On March 27, 1874, the Northern and Southern Orders of Chi Phi met at the Willard to unite as the Chi Phi Fraternity.

Beginning in 1828, Simon Willard Jr. ( 1795 – 1874 ) apprenticed in horology at his father's shop ; he subsequently established his own workshop in Boston.

Further extensions took it to Hunnewell by 1870, Grayson in 1871, Willard by 1874 and Webbville in 1889.

The orders from the North and South began a negotiation that concluded with a meeting at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC on March 27, 1874 which resulted in a united organization officially known as the Chi Phi Fraternity.

He had married Abigail Morgan Woodnutt in 1874 and they had three children, Thomas W., Clement W., and Mrs. Forest Willard.

In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar.

In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar.

Rector participated in the 1874 constitutional convention.

While studying there, in 1874 – 1875, Struve participated in an expedition to observe transit of Venus through the disk of the Sun.

Straight University also offered professional training, including a law department from 1874 to 1886, and its graduates participated in local and national Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction era civil rights struggles.

Straight University also offered professional training, including a law department from 1874 to 1886, and its graduates participated in local and national Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction era civil rights struggles.

He later served on Reconstruction duty in South Carolina and participated in the Yellowstone Expedition of 1873, where he fought in the Battle of Honsinger Bluff, and the Black Hills Expedition of 1874.

In 1874, at the trading post at Standing Rock Agency, Custer participated in the arrest of the Lakota Rain-in-the-Face for the 1873 murder of Dr. John Honsinger.

He participated in six of the eight Impressionist exhibitions: 1874, 1877, 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1886.

He participated in several Scandinavian Scientist Conferences between 1868 and 1916 and in the similar German meeting in Breslau in 1874.

Robeson ordered five warships on June 23, 1874 to implement U. S. naval resurgence ; all participated in the Spanish American War that started in 1898.

He participated in the civil wars 1873 and 1874.

He participated in most the 7th Cavalry's campaigns, including the 1873 Yellowstone campaign and as assistant quartermaster in the 1874 Black Hills expedition.

He introduced the secret ballot ; advised the creation of the Supreme Court of Canada ; the establishment of the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston in 1874 ; the creation of the Office of the Auditor General in 1878 ; and struggled to continue progress on the national railway.

Elizabeth worked steadily at the development of the New Hospital for Women, and ( from 1874 ) at the creation of the London School of Medicine for Women.

In 1874, the northern half of the original Summit County was split off to form Grand County ; with the creation of Garfield and Eagle counties in 1883, Summit County arrived at its present boundaries.

He was president of the University of Mississippi at Oxford from 1874 – 1886, and he lobbied for and helped organize the creation of the Chattanooga-Chickamauga National Battlefield Park by Congress in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Two famous natives of Riverside are singer-actress Jennifer Holliday ( born 1960 ), best known for her creation of the role of Effie in the successful Tony-award winning Broadway musical " Dreamgirls "; and Eugene C. Barker, Texas historian ( born 1874 ).

It subsequently became the model for the creation of the Universal Postal Union in 1874.

The revival was part of a wider national movement in the period around the First World War, and contributed to the creation of a " national " or " pastoral " school of classical music which incorporated traditional songs or motifs, as can be seen in the compositions of Percy Grainger ( 1882 – 1961 ), Ralph Vaughan Williams ( 1872 – 1951 ), George Butterworth ( 1885 – 1916 ), Gustav Holst ( 1874 – 1934 ) and Frederick Delius ( 1862 – 1934 ).

An early outgrowth of the effort to enhance party unity was the creation, in 1874, of a Steering Committee to prepare a legislative schedule for consideration by the Conference.

The Academy's creation was the logical extension of the University of Zagreb, the institution initially created in 1669 and also renewed by bishop Strossmayer in 1874.

The Manufacture has existed in various forms since 1874 and more than 40 professions are grouped together, from design to delivery of a technically complicated watch or a magnificent jewellery creation.

Schirmer's last major works in Norway were the creation of the hospitals Rikshospitalet, built between 1874 and 1883, and Ullevål Hospital from 1887.

In April 1874, the Committee of Ministers approved the creation of an experimental commission with representation from Zemstvo, local gentry and cities.

In 1826 the British accessed Assam and Goalpara was annexed to Assam in 1874, along with the creation of district headquarters at Dhubri.

Shortly after the creation of the Village of Côte-Saint-Paul in 1874, this area separated as the Parish Municipality of Côte-Saint-Paul in 1878.

A flood on the Mississippi River in 1874 led to the creation of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879.

Public drinking fountains emerged throughout the United States following the Civil War and the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union ( NWCTU )' s organizing convention of 1874 strongly encouraged its attendees to erect the fountains in the places that they had come from.

In 1874, 60 Christian woman in Xiamen called for an end of the practice and it was championed by the Woman's Christian Temperance Movement in 1883, and advocated by missionaries including Timothy Richard, who thought that Christianity could promote equality between the sexes.

" Through Sunshine and Shadow ": The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874 – 1930.

Sullivan completed his Festival Te Deum ( 1872 ); another oratorio, The Light of the World ( 1873 ); his only song cycle, The Window ; or, The Song of the Wrens ( 1871 ); incidental music to The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1874 ); and more songs, parlour ballads, and hymns, including " Onward, Christian Soldiers " ( 1872 ).

* 1810 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer ( d. 1874 )

The Women's Christian Temperance Union, founded in 1874, and the Prohibition Party were major players until the early 20th century, when the movement was taken over by the Anti-Saloon League.

The Christian population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91 % in favour of joining the Exarchate.

* May 2 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer ( d. 1874 )

At the same time his missionary travels, " disappearance " and death in Africa, and subsequent glorification as posthumous national hero in 1874 led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European " Scramble for Africa ".

Composer Hans Christian Lumbye ( b. 1810 – d. 1874 ) was Tivoli's musical director from 1843 to 1872.

He became a professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City in 1870 holding first the chair of theological encyclopedia and Christian symbolism till 1873, of Hebrew and the cognate languages till 1874, of sacred literature till 1887, and finally of church history, till his death.

* May 2 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer ( died 1874 )

In 1874, Albert Benjamin Simpson read Boardman ’ s Higher Christian Life and felt the need for such a life himself.

; Nikolai Berdyaev: Nikolai Berdyaev ( 1874 – 1948 ), the Orthodox Christian philosopher has been called the philosopher of freedom and is known as a Christian existentialist.

Hans Christian Lumbye ( 1810 – 1874 )

Hans Christian Lumbye ( 1810 – 1874 ) was employed as the first music director at the Copenhagen amusement park Tivoli when it opened in 1843.

Hans Christian Lumbye (; May 2, 1810 – March 20, 1874 ) was a Danish composer of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and galops, among other things.

Prince Christian was given the rank of Major general in the British Army in July 1866 and received promotions to the ranks of Lieutenant general in August 1874 and General in October 1877.

Neesima attended the 65th annual meeting of the Congregational church in Rutland, Vermont in 1874, and made an appeal for funds to start a Christian school in Japan.

Dr. Charles Clayton Morrison ( 1874 – 1966 ) was an American Disciples of Christ minister and Christian socialist.

Before Koplik, the German internist Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt ( 1833-1902 ) in 1874, the Danish physician N. Flindt in 1879, and the Russian Nil Filatov ( 1847-1902 ) in 1895, had observed equivalent phenomena.