Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life.

Reconstructionism was developed by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan ( 1881 – 1983 ) and his son-in-law, Rabbi Ira Eisenstein ( 1906 – 2001 ), over a period of time spanning from the late 1920s to the 1940s.

French scientist Louis Pasteur developed the first effective vaccine for anthrax in 1881 .< ref >

The theory of indifference curves was developed by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who explained in his book " Mathematical Psychics: an Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences ”, 1881, the mathematics needed for its drawing ; later on, Vilfredo Pareto was the first author to actually draw these curves, in his book " Manual of Political Economy ", 1906 ; and others in the first part of the 20th century.

He had developed a reputation as a no-nonsense, hard-nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight in October, 1881, had been involved in only one shooting in Dodge City during 1878.

In 1881, Charles B. Eddy came to the area, and with his brother, John, and partner Amos Bissell, developed the Eddy-Bissell Cattle Company.

As a base of industry, it also developed a strong tradition of union activity, which resulted in hosting a two-day conclave beginning on August 3, 1881, of the National Trade Union Congress, renamed the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the U. S. and Canada.

In 1881, the area was originally known as Bell's Grade and Hibbard and developed as a result of the railroad.

Trent was originally platted as a residential area for Northern Pacific railroad workers in 1881, Millwood began as a “ company town ”, developed by Inland Empire Paper Mill for their employees, and Dishman developed primarily as a business center.

In 1881, the Manitou Implement Co. developed the Island for cottages with the added important feature of water works.

After the discovery of the electric arc in 1800 by Humphry Davy there was little development in electrical welding until Auguste de Méritens developed a carbon arc torch, patented in 1881.

Wembley Park station was constructed to serve the pleasure grounds developed by the MR at Wembley Park, a former country estate bought by the company in 1881 as a destination for excursion trips on the company's trains.

In 1881, he published the first edition of his well-regarded book The Common Law, in which he summarized the views he developed in the preceding years.

After the fires of 1881, people started to organize firefighting plans and by the 1900s the timber barons were suffering huge losses due to forest fires, so they developed the Northern Forest and Protection Association to manage forest fires in Michigan, later replaced by the USDA Forest Service.

His novels have developed in style from the morbidity and brutality of Les morts bizarres ( 1876 ), La Glu ( 1881 ) and Le Pavé ( 1883 ) to the more thoughtful psychology of Madame André ( 1878 ), Sophie Monnier ( 1884 ), Cisarine ( 1888 ), L ' Aîné ( 1893 ), Grandes amoureuses ( 1896 ) and La Gibasse ( 1899 ), and the more simple portrayal of life in Miarka ( 1883 ), Les Braves Gens ( 1886 ), Truandailles ( 1890 ), La Miseloque ( 1892 ) and Flamboche ( 1895 ).

Another early psychical researcher and engineer W. J. Crawford ( 1881 – 1920 ) developed the " Cantilever Theory of Levitation " due to his experiments with the medium Kathleen Goligher.

More than 4, 000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck of Siemens & Halske.

Schönerer developed a political philosophy that featured elements of a violent racial antisemitism disregarding religious affiliations, especially upon the immigration of Jewish refugees during the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire from 1881 onwards.

Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown ( born Alfred Reginald Brown, 17 January 1881 in Birmingham-died 24 October 1955 in London ) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of Structural Functionalism.

Clarence Saunders ( August 9, 1881 – October 14, 1953 ) was an American grocer who first developed the modern retail sales model of self service.

John Joseph Earley ( 1881 – 1945 ) developed a " polychrome " process of concrete slab construction and ornamentation that was admired across America.

In 1881 he developed improved models of the esophagoscope and gastroscope.

De La Rue claims to have developed the first practical fountain pen in 1881.

This had been patented by Eiffel in 1881.

James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.

The first truly successful commercial method was patented by Frederic Ives of Philadelphia in 1881.

The essential idea was first explored by Edward S. Morse and patented by him in 1881.

The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, who in 1881 patented his design, his engine having a separate charging cylinder.

Frederick Grinnell improved Parmalee's design and in 1881 patented the automatic sprinkler that bears his name.

Filings for complete finger-nail trimmers ( not merely improvements ) include, in 1881, Eugene Heim and Celestin Matz, in 1885, George H. Coates ( for a finger-nail cutter ), and, in 1905, Chapel S. Carter ( son of a Connecticut Baptist church deacon ) patented a finger-nail trimmer with a later patent in 1922.

The peristaltic pump was first patented in the United States by Eugene Allen in 1881 ( U. S. Patent number 365327 ).

In 1881, Anthony Beranek of Chicago patented the first voting machine appropriate for use in a general election in the United States.

The French electrical inventor Auguste de Méritens produced the first carbon arc torch, patented in 1881, which was successfully used for welding lead in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries.

Ives patented his first " Ives ' process " in 1881.

He patented it in the USA ( 1888 ), and he remembered that his idea had born during his activity in Budapest ( 1881 – 82 ).

Beginning in 1881 the burner's flame was used to heat a structure made of asbestos, a design patented by Sigismund Leoni, a British engineer.

The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa or Partition of Africa was a process of invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and World War I in 1914.

The process of her canonization was begun in 1881.

In opposition to this process, the military leader Mustafa Kemal ( 1881 – 1938 ), in command of the growing Turkish national movement whose roots lay partly in the Young Turks, organized the 1919 – 1923 Turkish War of Independence.

His initial experiments in finding an aluminum reduction process were in 1881 ; he attempted, unsuccessfully, to produce aluminum from clay by smelting with carbon in contact with charcoal and potassium chlorate.

New premises were in the process of erection in 1881 as part of a scheme to ' bring the Colony from its backward position as regards to prison buildings '.

Fortune moved to New York City in 1881 and began a process whereby over the next two decades he would become known as editor and owner of a newspaper named first the Globe, then the Freeman, and finally the New York Age.

When in 1881 it was arranged to sell the remains of the BWR outright to the LSWR the process was held up because the company was in chancery with no directors, treasurer or secretary to act on its behalf.