The Arithmometer, invented in 1820 as a four-operation mechanical calculator, was released to production in 1851 as an adding machine and became the first commercially successful unit ; forty years later, by 1890, about 2, 500 arithmometers had been sold plus a few hundreds more from two arithmometer clone makers ( Burkhardt, Germany, 1878 and Layton, UK, 1883 ) and Felt and Tarrant, the only other competitor in true commercial production, had sold 100 comptometers.

After Germany was united by Otto von Bismarck into the " Second German Reich ", he determined German politics until 1890.

Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890, in exchange for German control over the coast of Tanganyika.

In 1890 the Verein established a research program to examine " the Polish question " or Ostflucht: the influx of Polish farm workers into eastern Germany as local labourers migrated to Germany's rapidly industrialising cities.

However, the Reinsurance Treaty failed to be renewed by Wilhelm II in 1890 after Bismarck's departure from office, thus creating a critical problem for Germany in the event of a war.

Bismarck resigned at Wilhelm II's insistence on 18 March 1890, at age 75, to be succeeded as Chancellor of Germany and Minister-President of Prussia by Leo von Caprivi.

The relationship between Britain and the German Empire, at that time the nearest relevant colonial power, was formalized by the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar.

Kohl was born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein ( at the time part of Bavaria, now in Rhineland-Palatinate ) Germany, the third child of Cäcilie ( née Schnur ; 1890 – 1979 ) and her husband Hans Kohl ( 1887 – 1975 ), a civil servant.

For example, in 1890 Alexandra wrote a memorandum, distributed to senior British ministers and military personnel, warning against the planned exchange of the British North Sea island of Heligoland for the German colony of Zanzibar, pointing out Heligoland's strategic significance and that it could be used either by Germany to launch an attack, or by Britain to contain German aggression.

The count filed a futile suit to establish that his morganatic status in Germany should not exclude him from succession to the throne of Luxembourg after the last male of the House of Orange, King William III of the Netherlands, died in 1890 and it became apparent that the House of Nassau faced the imminent extinction of its male members, as well, upon the eventual death of Grand Duke William IV.

A region, the Caprivi Strip, became a part of German South West Africa after the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty on 1 July 1890, between the United Kingdom and Germany.

* Vernon L. Lidtke, The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany, 1878 – 1890 ( Princeton University Press, 1966 ).

Republished 1992 as The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890 – 1935 ( New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-3060-4 ) and in 2003 as The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology ( Gardners Books, ISBN 1-86064-973-4 ).

Although the first revival of Samson et Dalila was in Germany at the Hamburg State Opera in 1882, the opera was not seen again until it was performed for the first time in France at the Théâtre des Arts in Rouen on 3 March 1890 with Carlotta Bossi as Dalila and Jean-Alexandre Talazac as Samson.

( Note: Bismarck was created Duke of Lauenburg in 1890 after his resignation as Chancellor of the German Empire, but this title refers to the city of Lauenburg / Elbe in present-day Germany, and should not be confused with Lębork / Lauenburg in Pomerania.

This patriotic policy provoked loud protests both from Austria and Germany at the conference of Vienna in 1890, and Baross was obliged somewhat to modify his system.

And just as Germany reacted to economic depression with the adoption of tariff protection in 1879 and colonial expansion in 1884-85, so would the U. S., the landslide election in 1896 of William McKinley, would soon be associated with the high McKinley Tariff of 1890.

* Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology in Germany since Kant ( 1890 ).

* Otto Pfleiderer, The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant ( 1890 )

In 1890, London and Berlin concluded the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, returning Heligoland ( seized during the Napoleonic wars ) to Germany and deciding on the borders of German East Africa ( the exact boundaries remained unsurveyed until 1910 ).

Prior to 1890 pictorialism emerged through advocates who were mainly in England, Germany, Austria and France.

* Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology in Germany ( 1890 ).

** Otto Pfleiderer, The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant ( 1890 )

Caprivi's administration was marked by what is known to historians as the Neuer Kurs (" New Course ") in both foreign and domestic policy, with moves towards conciliation of the Social Democrats on the domestic front, and towards a pro-British foreign policy, exemplified by the Anglo-German Agreement of July 1890, in which the British ceded the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar.

From 1890 on, he had a friend and admirer in Judge Francis C. Russell of Chicago, who introduced Peirce to editor Paul Carus and owner Edward C. Hegeler of the pioneering American philosophy journal The Monist, which eventually published articles by Peirce, at least 14.

As a result, Chicago's club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes " Anson's Colts ," referring to Cap's influence within the club.

Therefore, in 1890, Young signed with the Cleveland Spiders, a team which had moved up from the American Association to the National League the previous year.

( London's first deep-level tube railway, the City & South London Railway, had earlier also been built for cable haulage but had been converted to electric traction before opening in 1890.

Some scholars question whether Frege's negative review of the Philosophy of Arithmetic helped turn Husserl towards Platonism, but he had already discovered the work of Bernhard Bolzano independently around 1890 / 91 and explicitly mentioned Bernard Bolzano, Gottfried Leibniz and Hermann Lotze as inspirations for his newer position.

Prior to 1947, the only definition of first-class cricket had been one in Great Britain that dated from a meeting at Lord's in May 1894 between the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) committee and the secretaries of the clubs involved in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890.

By 1890 the atoll's entire guano deposits had been depleted ( mined out ) by U. S. interests operating under the Guano Islands Act.

The colonial takeover met occasionally with some strong local resistance: Waiyaki Wa Hinga, a Kikuyu chief who ruled Dagoretti who had signed a treaty with Frederick Lugard of the BEAC, having been subject to considerable harassment, burnt down Lugard's fort in 1890.

In 1890, Congress had passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but it was not until the Theodore Roosevelt administration ( 1901 – 1909 ) that serious efforts were made to break up or control the trusts.

Bahá ' u ' lláh had manuscript copies sent to Bahá ' ís in Iran some years after the revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, and in 1890 – 91 ( 1308 AH, 47 BE ) he arranged for the publication of the original Arabic text of the book in Bombay, India.

For example, the British South Africa Company ( founded by the British imperialist Cecil Rhodes ) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a concession signed with the Litunga of Bulozi in 1890.

By 1890, the Knights had declined to fewer than 100, 000 members.

The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was described only in 1890 by German biologist August Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained.

It was the most popular American book of its time ; by 1837 it had sold 15 million copies, and some 60 million by 1890 — reaching the majority of young students in the nation's first century.

The most notable leader of the movement, though maintaining a certain distance from the Old Catholic Church as an institution, was the renowned church historian and priest Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( 1799 – 1890 ), who had been excommunicated by the pope because of his support for the affair.

In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote to send representatives to the national Diet which had been established in 1890.

Throughout the first decade ( 1890 – 1900 ) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records, the direct acid-etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs, but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich phonographic library he had foreseen.

By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product.

A major aquifer was discovered when merchant Nathan Jaffa had a well drilled in his back yard on Richardson Avenue in 1890, resulting in the area's first major growth and development spurt.

To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as their own sphere, the British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay in Sierra Leone to get from chiefs in the boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat with another European power without British consent.