The countries ' central banks lost substantial reserves ; international financial assistance was too late, and in July 1931 Germany adopted exchange control, followed by Austria in October.

These loans became questionable once England, Germany, Austria and other European countries went off the gold standard in 1931 and weakened confidence in the dollar.

When the Creditanstalt of Austria failed in 1931, the global deficiencies of the Smoot – Hawley Tariff became apparent.

He continued to enjoy considerable public support in Austria ; from 1931 to 1938, 1, 603 Austrian municipalities named Otto an honorary citizen.

From 1931 to 1933, he was President of Parliament, the National Council of Austria.

In 1931 plans for a customs union between Germany and Austria were shattered by French opposition.

* Elisabeth of Austria ( film ), a 1931 German film directed by Adolf Trotz and starring Lil Dagover

She married Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria ( 1863 – 1931 ).

In 1931 he married Freya Deichmann, whom he met in Austria.

In 1933, Austria, who had beaten Scotland 5 – 0 in Vienna in 1931, became the first foreign national side to visit Hampden Park.

In 1931 the fortress, since 1898 owned by Archduke Eugen of Austria was again damaged by a fire and, though largely restored, finally had to be sold to the Salzburg Reichsgau administration in 1938.

Halsman was released in 1931, under the condition that he leaves Austria for good, never to return.

His notable achievement as Foreign Minister was in negotiating a customs union with Austria in March 1931, but opposition from France scuttled the proposed union.

To halt the union, the French withdrew a number of short loans they had made to Austria ; the withdrawal of the French loans helped to cause the collapse of Austria's largest bank in May, 1931, which in its turn set a series of banking collapses all over Central Europe in the summer of 1931.

In 1931 Borah declared he was in favor of the revision of the Versailles Treaty and the Polish corridor, and the revision of the Treaty of Trianon that divided lands from the old Hungarian Kingdom between Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia.

He served as the chancellor of Austria between 1930 and 1931.

Her son Leo had a son-Peter ( b. 1931 ), a retired engineer who lives in Linz, Austria.

He later denied that he had been a Nazi in 1931, claiming that he enrolled as member of the party only to avoid arrest after the Germans had seized power in the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany in May 1938.

The family left Germany in 1931 and lived in Baden bei Wien, Austria and by 1933 in Switzerland.

During the late 1920s and 1930s Grünfeld played top board for Austria in four Chess Olympiads ( 1927, 1931, 1933, 1935 ), and his best year was in 1927 when he scored 9½ / 12.

From 1766 onwards the Papacy did not object to the fact of an established Anglican church, as Roman Catholicism was the established church in countries such as Spain until 1931 and Austria until 1918.

Between 1930 and 1931 he travelled in Germany, Denmark, and Austria.

With help from her parents, she travelled the Continent and studied in France, Germany, and Austria, finally landing an appointment as a Consular Service clerk at the American Embassy in Warsaw, Poland in 1931.

In 1931, the RCN underwent a major facelift when the first ships specifically built for the RCN, the destroyers and, were commissioned at Portsmouth, England.

The neighbourhood underwent very little growth after the railway station closed in 1931 but was again revitalized by the launch of the Summerhill Subway station in 1954.

Financial historian Niall Ferguson writes that what made the Great Depression truly ' great ' was the European banking crisis of 1931.

What was initially a mild deflationary process began to snowball when the banking and currency crises of 1931 instigated an international " scramble for gold ".

Consequently, the banking panics of 1931, 1932, and 1933 might not have happened, just as suspension of convertibility in 1893 and 1907 had quickly ended the liquidity crises at the time .”

The Aga Khan IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness ( 1931 – 1965 ), from his mother's first marriage, as Joan Yarde-Buller was previously married to Loel Guinness of the banking Guinnesses.

He orchestrated the 1926 merger which created the Safeway food chain, and Merrill Lynch provided investment banking services to Safeway to finance the acquisition of other chains, growing Safeway to more than 3, 500 stores across the United States by 1931.

Curtius was intimately involved in the negotiations that led to the issuing of the Hoover Moratorium by the U. S President Herbert Hoover that halted war reparations payments by Germany in June 1931 as part of the effort to limit the financial fall-out of the banking collapse.

At Harvard, he earned his Ph. D. in 1931 for a dissertation on banking theory.

After the banking crisis in 1931 the German Reich owned 66 % and Deutsche Golddiskontbank owned 22 % of Dresdner Bank shares.

In the twentieth century, the London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild ( 1882 – 1942 ) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild ( 1887 – 1961 ) and then to Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild ( b. 1931 ).

On 14 July 1931, the BSCE was closed down again as a result of a German banking moratorium and a series of financial collapses of the continent ’ s major banks.

In 1931, he left for France where he worked for the Banque Nationale de Crédit in Paris and earned a banking qualification.

In 1931, Emperor Haile Selassie introduced reforms into the banking system The Bank of Abyssinia was liquidated the newly established Bank of Ethiopia, a fully government-owned bank, taking over management, staff and premises of the ceased bank.

Soon, however, the Liberals faced another divisive crisis when a National Government was proposed to fight the 1931 general election with a mandate for tariffs.

He was Postmaster-General at the time of the 1931 crisis, during which most of the party's leaders lost their seats.

Common use of the phrase " The Great Depression " for the 1930s crisis is most frequently attributed to British economist Lionel Robbins, whose 1934 book The Great Depression is credited with ' formalizing ' the phrase, though US president Herbert Hoover is widely credited with having ' popularized ' the term / phrase, informally referring to the downturn as a " depression ", with such uses as " Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement ", ( December 1930, Message to Congress ) and " I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression " ( 1931 ).

During a financial crisis he experienced in 1931, most of his collection ( along with his friend Paul Éluard's ) was auctioned.

In 1931, due to the economic crisis, the company merged into Glaces et Verres ( Glaver ).

Under its two presidents, Francesc Macià ( 1931 – 1933 ) and Lluís Companys ( 1934 – 1939 ), the republican Generalitat carried out a considerable task, despite the serious economic crisis, its social repercussions and the political vicissitudes of the period, including its suspension in 1934, due to an uprising in Barcelona in October that year.

At an economic crisis conference in Canberra in 1931, Jack Lang announced his own programme for economic recovery.

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When a coalition " National Government " was formed in 1931 to deal with a financial crisis Dunglass was adopted as the pro-coalition Unionist candidate for Lanark.

The creation of the Golden Mountain Pullman Express in 1931 was unfortunately at a time of world economic crisis and this accounted for its lack of success.

Between 1931 and 1932 the global economic crisis reached France at the same time he left both the Racing Club de France and, to his family's disapproval, his apprenticeship at Cadres Van Hoof.

The resulting leadership crisis divided the Bible Student community and contributed to the loss of one-seventh of adherents by 1919 and thousands more by 1931.

Snowden claimed that he was returning to long-held economic views but that these had been " temporarily inadvisable " during the crisis of 1931 when " national necessity " demanded cutting public expenditure.

France in 1931 was unaffected by the world economic crisis.

As a result, the Creditanstalt declared bankruptcy on May 11, 1931, precipitating a crisis that quickly spread to other nations.

When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 political instability meant that the Liceu suffered a severe financial crisis which was only overcome though subsidies from Barcelona City Council and the government of Catalonia.

The crisis began in 1931 when a key committee discovered that the budget was facing a serious deficit.

On 24 August 1931 it was announced that MacDonald was forming an emergency National Government with members of all parties in order to tackle the crisis.

A sharp financial crisis late in 1931 led to 24, 000 unemployed, with 1, 000 houses and 166 shops lying empty in the town.

He had poor relations with the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and was not surprised when MacDonald formed a National Government with the Conservatives during the economic crisis of 1931, for which MacDonald was expelled from the Labour Party.

After an economic crisis in 1931, the King agreed to dissolve parliament, and Birkett returned to Nottingham East to fight for his seat ; his main opponent was the Conservative, Louis Gluckstein, who had opposed him in the 1929 election.