* 1883 – Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich, Russian aircraft designer ( d. 1938 )

* 1866 – Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher ( d. 1938 )

* 1873 – Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass ( d. 1938 )

* 1905 – Lev Schnirelmann, Russian mathematician ( d. 1938 )

* 1891 – Osip Mandelstam, Russian poet ( d. 1938 )

* 1938 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian poet ( d. 1980 )

* 1863 – Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner ( d. 1938 )

* 1938 – Yevgeny Nesterenko, Russian bass-baritone

* 1938 – Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, Russian playwright and novelist

* 1938 – Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer and choreographer ( d. 1993 )

* Russian Molokan Church service, September 14, 1938

* 1938 – Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher ( b. 1866 )

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (; – 15 March 1938 ) was a Russian Marxist, Bolshevik revolutionary, and Soviet politician.

* 1888 – Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Russian politician ( d. 1938 )

* 1870 – Aleksandr Kuprin, Russian pilot, adventurer, and author ( d. 1938 )

Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Troubetzkoy ( also Trubetskoy ; Russian: ; Moscow, April 16, 1890 – Vienna, June 25, 1938 ) was a Russian linguist and historian whose teachings formed a nucleus of the Prague School of structural linguistics.

** Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer ( b. 1938 )

* January 17 – Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner and founder of modern realistic acting ( d. 1938 )

* October 9 – Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Russian politician ( d. 1938 )

* February 13 – Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass opera singer ( d. 1938 )

The earliest examples of longer-wheelbase wagon-type SUVs were the Chevrolet Carryall Suburban ( 1935, RWD only ), GAZ-61 ( 1938, 4x4 ), Willys Jeep Wagon ( 1948 ), Pobeda M-72 ( GAZ-M20 / 1955 ), which Russian references credit as possibly being the first modern SUV ( with unitary body rather than body-on-frame ), International Harvester Travelall ( 1953 ), Land Rover Series II 109 ( 1958 ), and the International Harvester Scout 80 ( 1961 ).

* Sergei Aleksandrovich Buturlin – ( 1872 – 1938 ), Russian ornithologist

Halldór Laxness, the Icelandic author, was present at the trial and described it in detail in his travelogue from USSR in 1937 – 8, Gerska aefintyrid ( A Russian Adventure ), published in Iceland in 1938 and in a Danish translation in 1939.

* 1861 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1938 )

* February 15 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1938 )

It is named after physicist Frank Benford, who stated it in 1938,

* Max Wien ( 1866 – 1938 ), German physicist

Fermi, a Nobel Prize laureate nuclear physicist, immigrated to the United States from Italy in 1938.

Ettore Majorana (; born August 1906 ; missing, presumed dead on 27 March 1938 ) was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked on neutrino masses.

* Martin Schadt ( born 1938 ), physicist

* Edoardo Amaldi ( 1908 – 1989 ), physicist, professor at Sapienza University of Rome ( 1938 – 1979 ), co-founder of CERN, ESA, and INFN.

* Enrico Fermi, physicist, Nobel prize ( 1938 )

He also began to develop methods employing specialised photographic emulsions to facilitate the recording of the tracks of elementary particles, and in 1938 began applying this technique to the study of cosmic radiation, exposing photographic plates at high-altitude, at the tops of mountains and using specially designed balloons, collaborating in the study with Giuseppe Occhialini, H. Muirhead and young Brazilian physicist César Lattes.

Charles Édouard Guillaume ( 15 February 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, Sèvres, France ) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.

Joseph D. Sneed ( born September 23, 1938 ) is an American physicist, and philosopher at the Colorado School of Mines.

Most of his academic life, from 1912 to 1938, was spent at the University of Vienna, where he taught for example Kurt Gödel, who later said that Furtwängler's lectures on number theory were the best mathematical lectures that he ever heard ; Gödel had originally intended to become a physicist but turned to mathematics partly as a result of Furtwängler's lectures.

* Enrico Fermi, physicist, 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity, particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

F. David Peat ( born April 18, 1938, Waterloo, England ) is a holistic physicist and author who has carried out research in solid state physics and the foundation of quantum theory.

Max Wien (; 1866 – 1938 ) was a German physicist and the director of the Institute of Physics at the University of Jena.

Albert ( Bert ) Fert ( born 7 March 1938 ) is a French physicist and one of the discoverers of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disks.

* Enrico Bellone, ( Tortona, 1938 ), physicist and writer.

Jayant Vishnu Narlikar ( born July 19, 1938 ) ( Marathi: जय ं त व ि ष ् ण ू न ा रळ ी कर ) is an Indian cosmologist and physicist.

Walter Eugene Massey ( born in 1938 ) is an educator, physicist, and business executive.

* Jan Klíma ( born 1938 ), Czech physicist