In 1948, the Schaeffer family moved to Switzerland and in 1955 established the community called L ' Abri ( French for " the shelter ").

In a 1948 article in The Bible Today, Schaeffer explained his own apologetics and how he walked a middle path between evidentialism and presuppositionalism, noting that " If the unsaved man was consistent he would be an atheist in religion, an irrationalist in philosophy ( including a complete uncertainty concerning ' natural laws '), and completely a-moral in the widest sense.

Later, in 1948, Pierre Schaeffer used the techniques of sound collage to create the first piece of musique concrète, " Étude aux chemins de fer ", which was assembled from recordings of trains.

* Pierre Schaeffer – Cinq études de bruits ( 1948 )

* Schaeffer With., 1948

* 1948 Albert Schaeffer, Donald Spencer

* Étude aux chemins de fer, the seminal 1948 composition of electronic music, specifically musique concrète, by Pierre Schaeffer, constructed from railway sounds

The early works of musique concrete by Pierre Schaeffer have a surrealist character owing to the unexpected juxtaposition of sound objects, such as the sounds of Balinese priests chanting, a barge on the River Seine, and rattling saucepans in Etude aux casseroles ( 1948 ).

After the first concert of musique concrete ( Concert de bruits, October 5, 1948 ) Schaeffer received a letter from one member of the audience ( identified only as M. C .) describing it as " the music heard, by themselves alone, by Poe and Lautreamont, and Raymond Roussel.

A new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, and Chiang was formally elected by the National Assembly as the first term President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1948.

* 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, which formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.

The ECA formally began operation in July 1948.

The history of South Korea formally begins with the establishment of South Korea on 15 August 1948, although Syngman Rhee had declared the establishment in Seoul on 13 August.

On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea was formally established, with Syngman Rhee as the first president.

Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.

Scientific dissent from Lysenko's theories of environmentally acquired inheritance was formally outlawed in 1948, and for the next several years, opponents were purged from held positions, and many imprisoned.

In 1948, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym, Willy Brandt, as his legal name.

Algeria has fought only one brief war after independence ( the Sand War, a border conflict with Morocco in 1963 ), but the country is also, like most Arab nations, formally at war with the Israel since 1948.

On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai-shek was formally elected by the National Assembly to be the first term president.

On 14 May 1948, he formally proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel, and was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he had helped to write.

Panama formally recognized the State of Israel on 18 June 1948.

* Greg Stafford ( b. 1948 ), formally " Francis Gregory Stafford ", American role playing game designer and shamanic practitioner

The coat of arms was created in 1948, and was formally granted and registered as a municipal arms with the municipal reform of 1971.

After the Italian Constitution took effect, he was formally named the " President of the Italian Republic " on 1 January 1948.

On January 13, 1948, the two fields formally adopted the name Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

The Canal Company continued to receive rent from the Great Western Railway, which it distributed to its shareholders as dividends, and was not formally wound up until the railways were nationalised in 1948.

The final ( 20th ) edition appeared in 1948, and it was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.

So whether the issue was never raised, was raised but undecided on, was subjected to a decision taken informally, or was subjected to a decision taken formally, remains obscure on the basis of the 1948 cabinet documentation.

Although the association was formally organized on September 18, 1948, political movements among Japanese college students can be traced back to much earlier times.

The Poor Law system was not formally abolished until the National Assistance Act 1948, with parts of the law remaining on the statute book until 1967.

The title continued after India and Pakistan became independent from Britain at midnight on 14 / 15 August 1947, and was not formally abandoned until 22 June 1948 under George VI, although the British monarch continued to be the monarch of India and Pakistan until they became republics in 1950 and 1956, respectively ( see below ).

In 1948 Ireland formally left the British Commonwealth and adopted the description of " Republic " for the state.

His inauguration in September 1948 initiated what was to become the longest period of constitutional rule since the 1912-24 heyday of the Liberal plutocracy.

On May 29, 1948, the British initiated United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 and declared an arms embargo on the region.

Starting in 1948, Abakumov initiated several investigations against these leaders, which culminated with the arrest in November 1951 of Rudolf Slánský, Bedřich Geminder, and others in Czechoslovakia.

The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is sometimes referred to as a Soviet satellite, though it broke from the Soviet Union in the 1948 Tito-Stalin split, with the Cominform offices being moved from Belgrade to Bucharest, and subsequently initiated formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Already in 1944 prominent U. S. opinion makers had initiated a domestic propaganda campaign ( which was to continue until 1948 ) arguing for a harsh peace for Germany, with a particular aim to end the apparent habit in the U. S. of viewing the Nazis and the German people as separate entities.

On 25 June 1948 " Operation Vittles ," the strategic airlift of supplies to Berlin's 2, 000, 000 inhabitants, was initiated, beginning what became known as the Berlin Airlift.

The works initiated on August 2, 1948, with the laying of the cornerstone.

Plans for mission work in Japan were initiated in 1948, and the first missionary arrived in August 1950.

Drake initiated a study on the existing structured curriculum of the college in 1948, which resulted in the offering of a greater selection of courses to students.

In February 1948, he initiated purges among musicians, widely known as a struggle against formalism.

By 1948, a consolidation idea was initiated in the region to merge all the nascent political organizations under one group.

During their 1947 – 1948 expeditions to Tibet, Govinda and Li Gotami met Ajo Repa Rinpoche, who, according to Govinda, initiated them into the Kagyüpa school of Tibetan Buddhism.

When John A. Costello became Taoiseach in 1948, he initiated further negotiations with Harold MacMillan, the British Prime Minister.

The third progressive movement was initiated in 1947 by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who ran for president in 1948, attracting support from voters who were disillusioned by the Cold War policies of Democrat Harry S. Truman.

A government backed wolf extermination program was initiated in 1948 after serious declines in caribou herds in the Northern Territories and a rabies concern due to wolves migrating south near populated areas.

Schuman initiated policies in preparation for this major change of European politics while Prime Minister of France ( 1947-8 ) and Foreign Minister from 1948 onwards.