In American law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ), the difference between de facto segregation ( segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods ) and de jure segregation ( segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation ), became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.

The most important Prestige recordings of this period ( Dig, Blue Haze, Bags ' Groove, Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants, and Walkin ') originated mostly from recording sessions in 1951 and 1954, after Davis ' recovery from his addiction.

In 1899 Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic Magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years ( 1954 ), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since.

In terms of its wide cultural impact across society in the US and elsewhere, Bill Haley's " Rock Around the Clock ", recorded in April 1954 but not a commercial success until the following year, is generally recognized as an important milestone, but it was preceded by many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned.

* Algerian War ( 1954 – 1962 ) – An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, use of torture on both sides and counter-terrorism operations by the French Army.

This concept was the most important discovery in nucleosynthesis theory of the intermediate-mass elements since Hoyle's 1954 paper because it provided an overarching understanding of the abundant and chemically important elements between silicon ( A = 28 ) and nickel ( A = 60 ).

Other important early publications include: Edward H. Chamberlin's ( 1950 ) The Theory of Monopolistic Competition ; François Perroux's ( 1950 ) Economic Spaces: Theory and Application ; Torsten Hägerstrand's ( 1953 ) Innovationsförloppet ur Korologisk Synpunkt ; Edgar S. Dunn's ( 1954 ) The Location of Agricultural Production ; Martin J. Beckmann, C. B McGuire, and Clifford B. Winston's ( 1956 ) Studies in the Economics of Transportation ; Melvin L. Greenhut's ( 1956 ) Plant Location in Theory and Practice ; Gunnar Myrdal's ( 1957 ) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions ; Albert O. Hirschman's ( 1958 ) The Strategy of Economic Development ; and Claude Ponsard's ( 1958 ) Histoire des Théorie Économique Spatiales.

In a 2005 retrospective on his uncle Milt Gabler's work ( The Milt Gabler Story ), Billy Crystal identifies Haley's 1954 recording of " Rock Around the Clock " as the single most important song Gabler ever produced.

" Boucher and McComas, however, described the collection as " mpressive in its time, and important in the development of modern science fiction ," but found it highly uneven, " with pages worthy of the mature 1954 Heinlein.

Iron ore mining became important during the years 1954 – 1964.

For example, in 2008 an important but heavily soiled, distorted and water-damaged 1954 Dior outfit called Zemire was restored to displayable condition for the Golden Age of Couture exhibition.

In 1954 Bull decided that a wind tunnel was too important to ignore, even if he could not arrange for funding through the DRB.

In 1954 Redgrave and Lopham Fen was given the status as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) due to the nationally important presence of the fen raft spider and the diversity of its fenland.

The most important change to this community happened in 1954 when the Fox Island Bridge was completed, connecting Fox Island to the mainland.

Early post-War collections were recorded by Suzanne Danco, Anton Dermota and Gérard Souzay ( all before 1953 ), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau ( 1954 ), Hans Hotter ( 1954 ), Erna Berger ( 1956 ), Heinrich Rehfuss ( 1955 ) and Elisabeth Schumann ( 1958 ), and important individual songs by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, and Elisabeth Höngen.

Although in 1954 the Higher School of Arts was moved to Gdańsk, Sopot remained an important centre of culture, and in 1956 the first Polish jazz festival was held there ( until then jazz had been banned by the Communist authorities ).

Lomax and Diego Carpitella's survey of Italian folk music for the Columbia World Library, conducted in 1953 and 1954, with the cooperation of the BBC and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, helped capture a snapshot of a multitude of important traditional folk styles shortly before they disappeared.

Between 1954 and 1959, he served in the important position of commander of Diponegoro Division, responsible for Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.

This event, watched by the nation and world, was the site of the first important test for the implementation of the U. S. Supreme Court ’ s historic Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954.

Other observers have noted that Mays ' quick relay throw from deep center field was the most important part of the 1954 play, the catch itself being merely a matter of Mays outrunning the ball.

1954 was a crucial year: the first fridges came off the company ’ s production line, a new factory was opened at Porcia ( it is still one of the world ’ s most important in the field of household appliances ) and a Study Centre was established to research and design new appliances.

The most important blues artist to record for States was Junior Wells, making his debut as a leader ; he cut sessions for the company in 1953 and 1954.

The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952 – 1954 series in Collier's Weekly magazine by Wernher von Braun and others, " Man Will Conquer Space Soon!

It had been during this period that Mao had first learned of the imported western concept of socialism from a newspaper article, and intrigued, he read several pamphlets by Jiang Kanghu ( 1883 – 1954 ), a student who had founded the Chinese Socialist Party in November 1911.

With the birth of the transistor in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality.

Along with Colonel Jean Gardes, who had first theorized counter-insurgency tactics during the Indochina War ( 1947 – 1954 ), Jean Ousset developed the concept of " subversion " referring to an essential enemy threatening the existence of Occident itself.

The title was changed to The Loretta Young Show during the first season ( as of the February 14, 1954 episode ), and the " letter " concept was dropped at the end of the second season.

Maurice Lauré, Joint Director of the France Tax Authority, the Direction générale des impôts, was first to introduce VAT on 10 April 1954, although German industrialist Dr. Wilhelm von Siemens proposed the concept in 1918.

The 1954 Corvette was the origin of a two-door wagon concept car which the Chevrolet Nomad was built off of.

Following Chtcheglov's exclusion from the Lettrists in 1954, Guy Debord and others worked to clarify the concept of unitary urbanism, in a bid to demand a revolutionary approach to architecture.

Later, in 1954, U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower explained the escalation risk, introducing what he referred to as the " domino principle ", which eventually became the concept of Domino theory.

Arthur C. Clarke, for example, sufficiently described the concept of a communications satellite ( a geostationary satellite used as a telecommunications relay ) in a 1945 paper that it was not considered patentable in 1954 when it was developed ( independently ) at Bell Labs.

This concept of management by objectives forms the keynote of his 1954 landmark The Practice of Management.

Extending responsibility for public order to include the police, military, and citizenry proved to be a highly effective arrangement, and the concept was written into the Common Program that preceded the 1954 state constitution.

Self-organization as a word and concept was used by those associated with general systems theory in the 1960s, but did not become commonplace in the scientific literature until its adoption by physicists and researchers in the field of complex systems in the 1970s and 1980s .< ref > As an indication of the increasing importance of this concept, when queried with the keyword < tt > self-organ *</ tt >, Dissertation Abstracts finds nothing before 1954, and only four entries before 1970.

In 1954, Liu Shaoqi was quoted as saying that the " Xinhai Revolution inserted the concept of a republic into common people ".

The concept was for a two-passenger open car, with a target weight of 2525 lb ( 1145 kg ), an Interceptor V8 engine based on the forthcoming overhead-valve Ford V8 slated for 1954 model year introduction, and a top speed of over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ).

The problem was that neither figure was particularly impressive ; the Nomad ( based on a Chevrolet concept car of 1954 ) wasn't doing all that well even before competition came over the horizon.

The major league concept broke up by 1953, and the Alexander Cup competition was retired after 1954.

The employees worked overtime to finish their concept model in 1954.

The relationship between Bertone and Alfa Romeo reached its creative peak with the Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica ( BAT ) concept cars which pushed back the boundaries of car design and aerodynamics: the BAT 5 in 1953, the BAT 7 in 1954 and the BAT 9 of 1955.

One unused but operational concept car that languished for years in the North Hollywood, California shop of car customizer George Barris, Ford Motor Company's " Lincoln Futura " from 1954, received a new lease on life as the Batmobile in the Batman series that debuted in 1966 on the ABC Television Network.

Garfinkel states that it was derived from the concept of indexical expressions appearing in ordinary language philosophy ( 1967 ), wherein a statement is considered to be indexical insofar as it is dependent for its sense upon the context in which it is embedded ( Bar-Hillel: 1954: 359-379 ).

In 1954, Rootes introduced a novel supercharged diesel engine, based on a Sulzer Brothers concept.