As discussed by Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ), excessive debt, public and private, internal and external, has repeatedly led to financial crises in almost all countries throughout the last two centuries.

During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is " concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems.

Another debate was created by Mike Hihn's claim that the term libertarianism has been used by anarchists longer than by minarchists .< Ref > Mike Hihn, " The Dallas Accord, Minarchists, and why our members sign a pledge ", Washington State Libertarian Party, August 2009 .</ ref > A related internal discussion concerns the philosophical divide over whether the Party should aim to be mainstream and pragmatic, or whether it should focus on being consistent and principled.

An example was the superinjunction raised in September 2009 by Carter-Ruck solicitors on behalf of oil trader Trafigura, prohibiting the reporting of an internal Trafigura report into the 2006 Côte d ' Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal.

The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008 ; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play.

In a 2009 Conservative Management Plan for the Park, the Office of Public Works ( a Department of Finance agency ) commented, "... the erection, without the necessity of resorting to normal planning procedures, of two major developments in St. Mary's Hospital illustrates the vulnerability of The Phoenix Park to internal development, which impacts significantly on the essential character of the Park and its unique value as a historic designed landscape.

A 2009 internal audit appraising an Occupational Safety and Health Administration initiative under the Bush administration to focus special attention on problem workplaces revealed that OSHA employees failed to gather needed data, conducted uneven inspections and enforcement, and sometimes failed to discern repeat fatalities because records misspelled the companies ' names or failed to notice when two subsidiaries with the same owner were involved, resulting in preventable workplace fatalities.

After a bitter internal leadership dispute that involved allegations of embezzlement and accusations that SEIU was attempting to raid the union, a substantial number of UNITE HERE members formed their own union ( Workers United ) while the remainder of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL – CIO on September 17, 2009.

In 2009 Palmeiras were close to the Brazilian championship, but political problems inside the club caused internal turmoil and affected on-field performances, and Palmeiras finished the League in the 5 position.

Smith & Wesson announced in March, 2009, that it would begin phasing the internal lock out of its revolver lineup.

By January 2009 the number of programme-producing divisions had been reduced from five to three, separated more along geographical than functional lines, and at the same time simplifying trading in the internal market.

Summers was a leading voice within the Clinton Administration arguing against American leadership in greenhouse gas reductions and against US participation in the Kyoto Protocol, according to internal documents made public in 2009.

In late August 2009, Melbourne newspaper The Age reported that the DLP was facing several internal divisions between Kavanagh's faction, which also sought to include evangelical and fundamentalist Protestants within the party, and ' hardline ' conservative Catholics.

The major multi-year expansion project will include a rehabilitation of the runways and taxiways, new terminal expansions, new parking lots ( including an enclosed garage that opened in the spring of 2009 ), a new hotel, and internal beautifications including an observation tower.

1. 9 million tons of market pulp shipments in excess of internal requirements during 2009 on a pro forma basis

On all Hiptops except the original, the left side houses a directional pad and on the right, a track ball ( excluding the original Hiptop ) The Hiptop 2 and Slide's directional pad contains internal multicolored LEDs used in ringers and notifications, while the 3, 2008, LX, and 2009 track ball contains internal multicolored LEDs that provide the same function.

* 2009 " Dreamin ' River " ( participated in the internal German preselection for ESC )

Volkswagen launched the fifth generation Polo ( internal designation Typ 6R ) at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2009.

In early 2009, the Antigua Labour Party faced an internal leadership crisis.

An internal jet stream moving behind schedule may explain the delayed start to the solar cycle in 2009.

In September 2009 Reed Elsevier's Technology Division (' RETS '), who provide internal IT support across all business units, announced that European support services would be outsourced to the Indian firm HCL.

In the 2009 internal election of the Workers ' Party ( PT ), the Esquerda Marxista slate received 3407 votes and won a position on the national leadership.

: To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what assessment he has made of the effectiveness of legislation to protect ( a ) whistleblowers and ( b ) press freedom following the injunctions obtained in the High Court by ( i ) Barclays and Freshfields solicitors on 19 March 2009 on the publication of internal Barclays reports documenting alleged tax avoidance schemes and ( ii ) Trafigura and Carter-Ruck solicitors on 11 September 2009 on the publication of the Minton report on the alleged dumping of toxic waste in the Ivory Coast, commissioned by Trafigura.

Since in FY 2009 Kearson qualified its audit opinion, noting material financial reporting weaknesses, the DoS restated its 2009 financial statements in 2010.

In July 2009, a group of residents calling themselves " University City citizens for Transparency and Accountability " said they would begin collecting the 2, 233 signatures necessary to have the State of Missouri audit the City's finances.

An audit in August 2008 was followed by an announcement in Feb 2009 that ASIC production would cease in fab 7 and the site would be up for sale.

That audit was completed in 2009 and came up with an amount of estimated overbillings.

As part of an independent audit conducted after the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal of 2009 in which expense claims between 2004 and 2008 for second homes were examined, Mitchell was discovered to have wrongly claimed £ 10, 549 for mortgage repayments.

In October 2009 following criticism in Sir Thomas Legg's audit of MPs ' expenses, Rammell was ordered to repay £ 2, 782 of wrongful claims.

In December 2009 he received the all clear from Sir Thomas Legg, following an audit of the previous five years accounts.

In April 2009, the Quality Assurance Agency ( QAA ) institutional audit found that confidence can reasonably be placed in the soundness of the institution's present and likely future management of both the academic standards and the quality of the learning opportunities available to students.

In May 2008, the U. S. Department of Education's Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) audit services division commenced a compliance audit of Ashford University covering the period March 10, 2005, through June 30, 2009.

In addition to support for private banks, Ms. Velazquez voted against bi-partisan House efforts to audit the federal reserve, both in 2009 and in 2012.

An audit was carried out in March 2009 which found 100 % compliance, confirming that the College continues to meet the standard.

European Parliament resolution of 10 March 2009 on implementation of Directive 2006 / 43 / EC on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts ( 2008 / 2247 ( INI )): ‘’”(...) Stresses that recent experience shows the need for frequent and high-quality interaction within audit committees and between independent directors, supervisory boards and auditors ; and that non-executive board members should consider carefully the possibility of having meetings without executive board members being present .”’’

On 27 February 2009, Mr. Reich stepped down amidst the continuing audit of backdating at IndyMac and four other institutions.

In 2009 Jake White ’ s Winning Ways was appointed to conduct an audit of the union, after which it was recommended that then coach Eugene Eloff be dismissed.

In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, " When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.

* Animal, a 2009 album by the London-based electronic band autoKratz

After a decade of double-digit growth, Armenia's economy declined by 14. 4 percent in 2009.

The AMD / USD exchange rate depreciated by 6. 1 percent in the first three quarters of 2010 compared to the same period in 2009, before it began to show the expected end-of-the-year appreciation.

The fossils of Ardipithecus have not yet been studied by researchers beyond the original ( 2009 ) group of describers, and the paleobiology and relationships of these creatures are the subject of controversy.

* Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations: Universalism, Constructivism and Near-Death Experience by Gregory Shushan, New York & London, Continuum, 2009.

Although, as of 2009, none of the extrasolar planets detected by ground-based astrometry has been verified in subsequent studies, astrometry is expected to be more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.

The second generation was led by Fernand Braudel ( 1902 – 1985 ) and included Georges Duby ( 1919 – 1996 ), Pierre Goubert ( 1915 – 2012 ), Robert Mandrou ( 1921 – 1984 ), Pierre Chaunu ( 1923 – 2009 ), Jacques Le Goff ( 1924 – ) and Ernest Labrousse ( 1895 – 1988 ).

It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.

In 2009, researchers hypothesized that smooth-edged holes found in the fossil jaws of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs such as Albertosaurus were caused by a parasite similar to Trichomonas gallinae which infects birds.

The building work for the stadium which has a capacity of 32. 960, began in May 2008 and was completed by the beginning of 2009.

Alberta was once the smallest of the three Prairie Provinces by population in the early 20th century, but by 2009, Alberta's population was 3, 632, 483 or approximately three times as much as either Saskatchewan ( 1, 023, 810 ) or Manitoba ( 1, 213, 815 ).

In September 2009 criticism over the seven-figure salaries earned by various coaches at Arizona's public universities ( including ASU ) prompted the Arizona Board of Regents to re-evaluate the salary and benefit policy for athletic staff.

" The Musician ", oil painting | oil on canvas by Tamara de Lempicka, 1929, stolen in 1 May 2009 from the Scheringa Museum of Realist Art.

image: Challenger 4x. png | Landing site, as imaged by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2009.

* André Weil, by A. Borel, Bull. AMS 46 ( 2009 ), 661-666.

* 215: 511 Philadelphia, PA was deprecated by state-wide use of 511 as road info in 2009 ; PA is the 36th state to adopt the system.

* Ark ( Baxter novel ), a science fiction novel by Stephen Baxter ( published 20 Aug. 2009 )

In New York, the New Normannii Reik of Theodish Belief was founded in 1997 and is led by Dan Halloran, but in 2009 many members split off and formed the Arfstoll Church of Theodish Belief, White Marsh Theod, and Álfröðull þjóð.

In 2009 prior to a UK Tour, Nottingham Playhouse commissioned a play of the book by Robin Kingsland.

* President Obama's Speech to the NAACP on July 16, 2009 — full video by MSNBC

In 2009, American Media was taken over by its bondholders to keep it out of bankruptcy.

*" Amazonas " ( 2009 ), directed by Tuomas Milonoff.