The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown.

It was dubbed the " Little German " solution, since it excluded the Austrian territories and the Habsburgs.

Peace was settled in the Treaty of Pressburg ; the Austrian Empire lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor and the Confederation of the Rhine was created by Napoleon over former Austrian territories.

Although not as decisive as the previous Austrian defeats, the peace treaty in October 1809 stripped Austria of a large amount of territories, reducing it even more.

Austrian rulers were more or less ready to exchange Luxembourg and other territories in the Low Countries.

Slovene activists demanded a unification of all Slovene-speaking territories in a unified and autonomous Slovene kingdom within the Austrian Empire.

England and France, exhausted by the conflict, signed the Treaty of The Hague ( 1698 ), also known as the First Partition Treaty, in which they agreed to recognize Joseph Ferdinand as heir to the Spanish throne but divided the Spanish territories in Italy and the Low Countries between the French and Austrian dynasties.

Armed conflict began slowly, as Austrian forces under Prince Eugene of Savoy invaded the Duchy of Milan, one of the Spanish territories in Italy, prompting French intervention.

By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolph II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories.

He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, but he also lost the Austrian territories in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy.

The Belgian and Luxemburgian territories ( except the Bishopric of Liège ) were transferred to the Austrian Habsburgs ( 1713 – 1794 ) after the War of the Spanish Succession when the French Bourbon Dynasty inherited Spain at the price of abandoning many Spanish possessions.

These territories had been a bone of contention between Poland and Hungary, which was a part of the Austrian crown lands.

In the Treaty of Utrecht, signed on 11 April 1713, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but his renunciation of succession rights to France was affirmed and, of the Spanish Empire's other European territories, Sicily was ceded to Savoy, and the Spanish Netherlands, Milan and Naples were alloted to the Austrian Habsburgs.

Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann – but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories.

Piedmont would gain the Austrian territories of Lombardy and Venetia ) and some territories of the former Venetian Commonwealth in the Adriatic, as well as the Duchies of Parma and Modena, while France would be rewarded with Piedmont's territories in Savoy and Nice.

Ethnic Germans in Hungary and parts of adjacent Austrian territories, census 1890

Certain Austrian holdings in Germany were relinquished ; French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, " in complete sovereignty ", but they renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine.

The treaty confirmed the Austrian cession of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France and in Germany to Napoleon's German allies, imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs, and allowed the defeated Russian troops free passage, with their arms and equipment, through hostile territories and back to their home soil.

As privy finance minister, Count Karl von Zinzendorf ( 1739 – 1813 ) introduced a uniform system of accounting for state revenues, expenditures, and debts of the territories of the Austrian crown.

The acquisition of Tyrol was strategically important to the Habsburg dynasty, since it allowed it to connect their Austrian territories with their territorial possessions in the area of today's Switzerland.

The resulting Peace Treaty of Schönbrunn meant the loss of one sixth of the Austrian Empire's subjects, alongside significant territories.

Tensions continued between Austrian section of the Nazi Party, who believed in a pan-Germanic state, which would bring Austria into a Greater German Empire and the Heimwehr, who believed that Austria should remain an independent nation.

Many nationalist movements, such as the French National Front, Austrian Freedom Party, or the Italian Lego Nord are opposed to globalization, but argue that the alternative to globalization is the protection of the nation-state, sometimes, according to critics, in explicitly racist or fascist terms.

By the 1910s, the national struggles between Slovene and Italian speakers in the Austrian Littoral, and Slovene and German speakers, overshadowed other political conflicts and brought about a nationalist radicalization on both sides.

" The first use of the term is attributed to the Austrian Nathan Birnbaum, founder of a nationalist Jewish students ' movement Kadimah, who used the term in his journal Selbstemanzipation ( Self Emancipation ).

The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

Pragmatically, Louis Bonaparte supported Italian nationalist aspirations because he wished particularly to end Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venice: he always nursed a dislike for Austria as the incarnation of reactionary, legitimist monarchy, and as the great barrier to the reconstruction of Europe on nationalist lines.

In addition, Austrian authorities saw all tricolours as basically nationalist and potentially revolutionary symbols, so Austrian provinces ( as the Empire itself ) were only allowed to use bicolours ( the only exception being the flag of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, since it was interpreted to be a combination of the Croatian and Slavonian bicolours ).

Throughout the German Confederation, Austrian influence was paramount, drawing the ire of the nationalist movements.

Metternich considered nationalism, especially the nationalist youth movement, the most pressing danger: German nationalism might not only repudiate Austrian dominance of the Confederation, but also stimulate nationalist sentiment within the Austrian Empire itself.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo in Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist from Bosnia, Austrian subject and member of Young Bosnia, was the reason why this ultimatum was made.

The more astute members realised they could never take on the Austrian army in open battle and joined a new movement, Giovane Italia (" Young Italy ") led by the nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini.

Much of the revolutionary activity was of a nationalist character: the empire, ruled from Vienna, included Austrian Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians ( Ukrainians ), Romanians, Croats, Italians, and Serbs, all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities.

Charles Albert of Sardinia, King of Piedmont-Savoy, initiated a nationalist war on March 23 in the Austrian held northern Italian provinces that would consume the attention of the entire peninsula.

After the Battle of Caporetto, the political life in Austria-Hungary resumed and Gorizia became the focus of three competing political camps: the unified Slovene nationalist parties that demanded a semi-independent Yugoslav state under the House of Habsburg, the Friulian conservatives who demanded a separate and autonomous Eastern Friuli within an Austrian confederation, and the underground Italian irredentist movement working for the unification with Italy.

In March 1918, Makhno's forces and allied anarchist and guerrilla groups won victories against German, Austrian, and Ukrainian nationalist ( the army of Symon Petlura ) forces, and units of the White Army, capturing a lot of German and Austro-Hungarian arms.

The movement sustained a major setback in the 1846 revolt organized in Austrian Poland by the Polish Democratic Society, the leading radical nationalist group.

* Austrian National Socialism ( pan-German nationalist )

* 1885: The United Left fractured into a Liberal German Austrian Club ( Deutsch-Österreichischer Klub ) and a nationalist German Club ( Deutscher Klub )

He soon joined the far right nationalist Austrian Freedom Party and became the second deputy governor of Carinthia in 1994, but after a dispute with his mentor, Jörg Haider, he left politics to work for Magna Europe as a vice president for human resources and public relations.

Nathan Birnbaum (; pseudonyms: " Mathias Acher ", " Dr. N. Birner ", " Mathias Palme ", " Anton Skart ", " Theodor Schwarz ", and " Pantarhei ") ( 16 May 1864 – 2 April 1937 ) was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist.