The political landscape of Burundi has been dominated in recent years by the civil war and a long peace process and move to democracy.

Although Burundi is potentially self-sufficient in food production, the ongoing civil war, overpopulation, and soil erosion have contributed to the contraction of the subsistence economy by 25 % in recent years.

Born in Kigali, Rwanda to a Tutsi mother and a French father, the family fled the civil unrest in Rwanda in 1990 to the neighbouring country of Burundi.

Burundi is still trying to emerge from a civil war that began in 1993 when several groups drawn from the large Hutu majority took up arms against a government and army then dominated by a Tutsi elite.

Nevertheless, the army assassinated Ndadaye in October 1993 and Burundi returned to civil war.

The civil war of the 1990s in Burundi and conflicts with neighbouring countries and the plight of thousands of child-victims of war led her to become involved with the Association of the People of Burundi in France.

The civil war was the result of long standing ethnic divisions between the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes in Burundi.

The Council called on the top U. N. envoy in Burundi to investigate the incident with a U. N. representative from Congo, a step that increased U. N. intervention in the Burundi civil war.

This signified the most stable point in Burundi civil affairs since the assassination of Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye and the beginning of the civil war.

Matters continued to look prosperous after Burundi ’ s last rebel group, the Forces of National Liberation ( FNL ) signed a ceasefire deal in Tanzania, " solidifying the end of a 12-year civil war.

Clinton thus named Krueger as Ambassador to Burundi, which had been beset with violence in recent preceding years and whose ethnic make-up was the same as that of adjoining Rwanda, whose Hutu and Tutsi tribes had experienced a bloody civil war only months before Krueger began his service in May 1994.

Football in Burundi has been affected by the civil war that broke out in Burundi.

During Burundi's civil war CNDD-FDD was the most significant rebel group active and became a major political party in Burundi.

Howard Eliot Wolpe III ( November 3, 1939 – October 25, 2011 ) was a seven-term U. S. Representative from Michigan and Presidential Special Envoy to the African Great Lakes Region in the Clinton Administration, where he led the United States delegation to the Arusha and Lusaka peace talks, which aimed to end civil wars in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Kinigi graduated from Burundi University, having studied economic management, and worked in the Burundi civil service.

Nkurunziza was a lecturer at Burundi University when civil war broke out in the country following the assassination of Burundi's first ethnic Hutu democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye, in 1993.

Since its inception, the University of Burundi, ( UB ) has decided to focus on training the various categories of personnel required by the civil service.

The culture of Burundi is based on local tradition and the influence of its neighbors, though its prominence has been hindered by civil unrest.

Burundi, then in the midst of a civil war, had been stressed by the demands of the refugees but was also influenced by a desire not to antagonize the new government of its neighbor to the north.

Retail trade, devastated by the war, has revived quickly, with many new small businesses established by Rwandan returnees from Uganda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

During this period, 23 African nations experienced war: Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ), Republic of Congo, Côte d ' Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda.

war: Kaarangay: Burundi

Just two nights before the war broke out in Burundi, the national team was in Guinea to play the host in the second leg of the playoffs to qualify for the African Nations Cup.

: voices from the aftermath of war in Rwanda and Burundi ( 2000 ).

He notes that the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front conducted a war of aggression from Uganda against Rwanda with U. S. and British support from 1990, and presents the evidence that the RPF was responsible for the 1994 shoot down of the presidential plane which killed the Hutu presidents of Burundi and Rwanda.

Black has argued that the leaders of NATO should themselves be brought before the tribunal for war crimes, and was one of a group of Canadian lawyers, led by Professor Michael Mandel of Osgoode Hall Law School, who laid war crimes charges against all Nato leaders and officers in 1999 for the bombing of Yugoslavia and criticised Louise Arbour, former prosecutor of the ICTY and ICTR because of her cooperation with NATO leaders during the 1999 bombing of Serbia and because, as Chief Prosecutor at the Rwanda War Crimes Tribunal she stopped the investigation into the murder of the Hutu Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi on April 6, 1994 when their plane was shot down by anti-aircraft missiles after she learned that the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) were responsible, a fact confirmed by both her lead investigator, Australian lawyer Michael Hourigan and as contained in the Hourigan Report, a UN document, now an exhibit in the Miitary II trial, ICTR.

There were indiscriminate mass killings first of Tutsis, then of Hutus ; of these, the former have been described as genocide by the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi.

Ntaryamira was born in the Mageyo zone's commune of Mubimbi, Bujumbura Rural Province, in what was then the Belgian-dominated United Nations Trust Territory of Burundi.

Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East Africa under Belgian military occupation from 1916 to 1924, a League of Nations class B mandate of Belgium from 1924 to 1945 and then a United Nations trust territory ( still Belgian ) until 1962, when it became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.

Beginning his career in 1964, Stockwell spent six years in Africa, Chief of Base in the Katanga during the Bob Denard invasion in 1968, then Chief of Station in Bujumbura, Burundi in 1970, before being transferred to Vietnam to oversee intelligence operations in the Tay Ninh province and was awarded the CIA Medal of Merit for keeping his post open until the last days of the fall of Saigon in 1975.

Most of Burundi receives between of rainfall a year.

* Ruanda-Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi, between 1916 and 1960 )

The central line between Kigoma and Dar es Salaam carries international freight and passengers in transit from Burundi, DR Congo and Rwanda to the Indian Ocean, and the branch from Tabora to Mwanza carries freight and passengers between Uganda and the Indian Ocean.

Small ferries link communities along the Tanzanian shore ( some with no road access ), and commercial traffic runs between Kigoma and Bujumbura, Burundi and Mpulungu, Zambia, including the MV Liemba.

Since independence, Bujumbura has been the scene of frequent fighting between the country's two main ethnic groups, with Hutu militias opposing the Tutsi-dominated Burundi army.

The economic union between Rwanda and Burundi was dissolved and tensions between the two countries worsened.

Another seven years of sporadic violence in Burundi ( from 1965 – 1972 ) existed between the Hutus and Tutsis.

As of 2006, violence between the Hutu and Tutsi had subsided, but the situation in both Rwanda and Burundi was still tense, and tens of thousands of Rwandans were still living outside the country ( see Great Lakes refugee crisis ).

* Burundi – June 4, 1996 – Three ICRC delegates were killed in an attack on two vehicles on the road between the villages of Rugombo and Mugina in the northern province of Cibitoke, resulting in a withdrawal of ICRC from Burundi.

Under his government, Ndayizeye tried to bridge the gap between the Hutu and the minority Tutsi people of Burundi through cooperation with other presidents in the region such as Museveni of Uganda and Mkapa of Tanzania.

The first WOMAD Festival in 1982 had Echo and the Bunnymen join forces with the Drummers of Burundi, and WOMAD Abu Dhabi 2010, saw a collaboration between Tinariwen, TV on the Radio members Kyp Malone and Tunde Adebimpe, and the French Algerian Mehdi from Speed Caravan.

His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, and ultimately sparked the decade-long Burundi Civil War.

In 1960, Rwanda and Burundi adopted their own franc, whilst, between 1960 and 1963, Katanga also issued its own franc.

The main goal of the Abahuza party is the restoration of Burundi ’ s monarchy, which was abolished in 1966, which it asserts resulted in violent ethno-national conflict between the Tutsis and the Hutus.

* 25 – 26 January – Jacob Zuma facilitates meetings between Pierre Buyoya, the President of Burundi and rebels Alain Mugabarabona, Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye and Pierre Nkurunziza in Pretoria

It delineates the southern border of Rwanda with the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) and, along with Lake Tanganyika, it forms the border between the DRC and Burundi.

On June 18, 1963, about a year after Burundi gained independence and amidst efforts to bring about political cooperation between Hutus and the dominant minority Tutsis, Ngendandumwe became Burundi's first Hutu prime minister.

* 1995 Lucas led a US government mission to Rwanda and Burundi to explore ways to reduce the tension between Hutus and Tutsis.