In North Africa the former Phoenician colony of Carthage rose to dominate its surroundings with an empire that contained many of the former Phoenician holdings.

Both the Greeks and the Phoenicians colonized North African soil, and Punic civilization emerged, although its central city of Carthage was not in present-day Libya but in neighboring Tunisia.

Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama.

The Council of North African bishops, which included Augustine of Hippo, held at Carthage in 418 did not explicitly endorse all aspects of Augustine's stern view about the destiny of infants who die without baptism, but the Latin Fathers of the 5th and 6th centuries did adopt his position, and it became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages.

By the 5th century BC, Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa.

* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.

* 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in North Africa.

In 533, he accompanied Belisarius on his victorious expedition against the Vandal kingdom in North Africa, took part in the capture of Carthage, and remained in Africa with Belisarius ' successor Solomon the Eunuch when Belisarius returned to Constantinople.

He confirmed the decrees of the council of Carthage, after the retaking of North Africa from the Vandals, according to which converts from Arianism were declared ineligible to Holy Orders and those already ordained were merely admitted to lay communion.

Between 1030 and 1035, Pisa went on to defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer Carthage in North Africa.

* 533 – Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire defeats Gelimer and the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum, near Carthage, North Africa.

" Also around this time 3 John is thought to have been known in North Africa as it was referred to in Sententiae Episcoporum, produced by the Seventh Council of Carthage.

Fresh from its victories in the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued its expansion into neighbouring territories, eventually annexing Greece, and the North African coast after completely destroying the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War.

* Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the surname " Africanus " in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage.

* A Vandal fleet and their allies ( Alans, Goths and Moors ) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa.

* March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier.

* April – Royal Colony of North Carolina Commissioners John Watson, Joshua Grainger, Michael Higgins and James Wimble plan the town of New Carthage ( which would eventually become Wilmington, North Carolina on the east side of the Cape Fear River ).

He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education.

When, after an absence of fourteen months, Cyprian returned to his diocese, he defended leaving his post in letters to the other North African bishops and a tract " De lapsis ," and called a council of North African bishops at Carthage to consider the treatment of the lapsed and the apparent schism of Felicissimus ( 251 ).

In his novel Salammbô, Gustave Flaubert used ancient Carthage in North Africa as a foil to ancient Rome.

* March 10 – Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.

* July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage ( also in North Africa ) ( known as the Scillitan Martyrs ) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.

This marks the end of the Vandal migrations ; they settle in North Africa with Carthage as their capital.

Scipio planned to take Roman forces to Carthage itself and force Hannibal to return to Africa to defend the city.

Meanwhile, Carthage had begun to build a mercenary army in Africa which was to be shipped to Sicily to meet the Romans.

Seeking a swifter end to the war than the long sieges in Sicily would have provided, Rome decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa and usurp Carthage's supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, consequently forcing Carthage to accept its terms.

* Carthage evacuates all of the small islands between Sicily and Africa ( Pantelleria, Linosa, Lampedusa, Lampione and Malta ).

* 256 BC: Rome attempts to invade Africa and Carthage attempts to intercept the transport fleet.

The resulting Battle of Cape Ecnomus is a major victory for Rome, who lands in Africa and advances on Carthage.

Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Nok culture, Mali Empire, Ashanti Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, the Aksumite Empire, the Ajuuraan State and the Adal Sultanate.

He also consecrated the priest James, who had been sent to him by the people of Carthage " to help the wretched province of Africa.

Eventually, the war was taken to Africa, where Carthage was defeated at the Battle of Zama by Scipio Africanus.

In 149 BC, in an attempt to draw Carthage into open conflict, Rome made a series of escalating demands, one being the surrender of three hundred children of the nobility as hostages, and finally ending with the near-impossible demand that the city be demolished and rebuilt away from the coast, deeper into Africa.

He took a decided view on the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular Africa, held in Carthage in 416, which had been sent to him, and also writing in the same year in a similar sense to the fathers of the Numidian synod of Mileve who had addressed him ( Augustine of Hippo among them ).

When the Achaean hostages were released in 150 BC, Polybius was granted leave to return home, but the next year he went on campaign with Scipio Aemilianus to Africa, and was present at the capture of Carthage, which he later described.

Following the destruction of Carthage, Polybius likely journeyed along the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as Spain.

The final showdown was the battle of Zama in Africa between Scipio Africanus and Hannibal, resulting in the latter's defeat and the imposition of harsh peace conditions on Carthage, which ceased to be a major power and became a Roman client-state.

The worship of Baʿal Hammon flourished in the Phoenician colony of Carthage.

Baʿal Hammon was the supreme god of the Carthaginians, and is believed that this supremacy dates back to the 5th century BC, apparently after a breaking off of relationships between Carthage and Tyre at the time of the Punic defeat in Himera.

In Carthage and North Africa Baʿal Hammon was especially associated with the ram and was worshiped also as Baʿal Qarnaim (" Lord of Two Horns ") in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein (" the two-horned hill ") across the bay from Carthage.

# REDIRECT Baʿal # Baʿal of Carthage

The worship of Baʿal Hammon flourished in the Phoenician colony of Carthage.