The best-preserved examples of the stone and adobe dwellings are in National Parks ( USA ), such as Chaco Canyon or Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Mesa Verde National Park, Aztec Ruins National Monument, Bandelier National Monument, Hovenweep National Monument, and Canyon de Chelly National Monument.

The ancient population centers such as Chaco Canyon ( outside Crownpoint, New Mexico ), Mesa Verde ( near Cortez, Colorado ), and Bandelier National Monument ( near Los Alamos, New Mexico ) for which the Ancestral Pueblo peoples are renowned, consisted of apartment-like complexes and structures made from stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into the sides of canyon walls.

Doorways, Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

One of the most fascinating and intriguing aspects of Ancestral Puebloan infrastructure is at Chaco Canyon and is the Chaco Road, a system of roads radiating out from many great house sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl and Una Vida, and leading towards small outlier sites and natural features within and beyond the canyon limits.

The Ancestral Pueblo residents of Chaco Canyon cut large ramps and stairways into the cliff rock to connect the roadways on the ridgetops of the canyon to the sites on the valley bottoms.

This has been taken by some archaeologists, such as Stephen Lekson ( 1999 ), as evidence of the continuing reach of the Chaco Canyon elite system, which had seemingly collapsed around a century before.

* Chaco Canyon ( northwest New Mexico )

Others suggest that more developed villages, such as that at Chaco Canyon overstressed their environment, resulting in widespread deforestation and eventually the fall of their civilization through warfare over depleted resources.

* The cities of the Ancestral Pueblo ( or Anasazi ) culture, located in the Four Corners region of the Southwest United States – The best known are located at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde.

More recently, < sup > 87 </ sup > Sr /< sup > 86 </ sup > Sr ratios have also been used to determine the source of ancient archaeological materials such as timbers and corn in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

* 1140 – 1150: Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon

* c. 900 – 1230 – Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, is built.

* The Pueblo Bonito is built by the Anasazi in present day New Mexico's Chaco Canyon.

Anasazi archaeological sites connecting with Chaco Canyon can be found in and around the town.

Ancient Pueblo Peoples ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park | Chaco Canyon

In the 10th century, the Chacoan people constructed large, multi-room dwellings, some comprising more than 900 rooms, in the Chaco Canyon area of what is now northwest New Mexico.

* Chaco Canyon in Chaco Culture National Historical Park

" Deciphering the Organization of Production in Chaco Canyon ( Organization of Production at Chaco Canyon conference papers ).

Pueblo Bonito, the largest of the Chacoan Great Houses, stands at the foot of Chaco Culture National Historical Park | Chaco Canyon's northern rim.

Through analysis of various strontium isotopes, archaeologists have realized that much of the timber that composes Chacoan construction came from a number of distant mountain ranges, indicative also of the Chaco Road's economic significance.

* A Civilian Conservation Corps of Navajo stonemasons repairs Chacoan buildings in Chaco Canyon.

Cranwell's horned frog ( Ceratophrys cranwelli ), also called the Chacoan horned frog, is a terrestrial frog endemic to the dry Gran Chaco region of Argentina.

The Chacoan peccary or tagua ( Catagonus wagneri ) is a species of peccary found in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina.

The Chacoan peccary is endemic to the Gran Chaco in Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina.

The arid habitat of the Gran Chaco region provides very tough vegetation for the Chacoan peccary.

The canyon and mesa lie within the " Chaco Core ", distinct from the wider Chaco Plateau, the latter a flat region of grassland with infrequent stands of timber.

The railway was built by the company for the extraction of timber, with nearly 150 km of narrow gauge track into the heart of the Chaco.

The Argentine Chaco was divided up in large portions and exploited, especially for the valuable quebracho tree, used for its tannin and its extremely durable timber.

* Chaco Culture National Historic Park Virtual Museum Exhibit, from National Park Service

He also took measures to reduce the threat to settled Paraguayans from the marauding Indian tribes that still roamed the Chaco.

In contrast, Indians from the Bolivian high plateau area, known as the Altiplano, were forced into the Bolivian army, had no real interest in the war, and failed to adapt to the hot Chaco climate.

The definition of the northwestern boundary with Bolivia, extending through the low hills of the Chaco region, dates from 1938.

The boundary between the Chaco and Brazil was defined in 1927 ; it continues from the confluence of the Apa River ( Río Apa ) and Paraguay River northward along the course of the Río Paraguay to the border with Bolivia.

Separated from the Eastern region by the Paraguay River, the Chaco region is a vast plain with elevations reaching no higher than and averaging.

One Argentine company, whose owner had purchased 15 percent of the immense Chaco region, processed massive quantities of tannin, which were extracted from the bark of the Chaco's ubiquitous quebracho ( break-axe ) hardwood.

* Paraguay: 166, 000 Standard German-speakers ( including 18, 000 Mennonites, who don't speak Plattdeutsch or Mennonite Low German ); plus 20, 000 Mennonite Low German, spoken by Mennonites who live in Chaco and Eastern Paraguay The Mennonites emigrated to Paraguay from Chihuahua State ( in Mexico ), the Soviet Union, Canada, and Bolivia.

In 1588 – 89 St. Francis Solanus crossed the Chaco wilderness from Peru and stopped at Asunción, but gave no attention to the Guaraní.

During the The Broken Ear, San Theodoros and its hostile neighbor Nuevo Rico go to war over the area of Gran Chapo ( grand chapeau, " Big Hat ") in 1937 – an allusion to the Chaco War fought by Bolivia and Paraguay over Gran Chaco from 1932-1935.

Daniel Domingo Salamanca Urey ( July 8, 1863 – July 17, 1935 ) was President of Bolivia from March 5, 1931 until he was overthrown in a coup d ' état on November 27, 1934, during the country's disastrous Chaco War with Paraguay.

The administration was immediately plagued by serious difficulties stemming from the Great Depression and the eruption of the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay ( 1932 – 35 ).

On April 8, 1879 Commander Luis Jorge Fontana founded the settlement that would become the capital of the National Territory of Chaco from 1884 to June 15, 1955, when it gained the status of province.

The autonomous region of Gran Chaco is from where most of the gas is exploited.

* 1911, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: A company of cavalry went from Fort Wingate to quell a possible uprising by Navajo.

The region remained largely unexplored and inhabited by both Europeans and Argentines until the late 19th Century, when, after the Paraguayan War, several Argentine military expeditions conquered it from the aboriginals and the National Territory of Chaco was created in 1884.

Chaco derives from chacú, the Quechua word used to name a hunting territory or the hunting technique used by the people of the Inca Empire.

When they go hunting, the indians gather from many parts the vicuñas and guanacos, that crowd is called Chacu, in the Quechua language, which is common in Peru, and that Spaniards have corrupted into Chaco.

The open vegetation of the Caatinga and the Cerrado separate it from the Amazon, and the dry vegetation of the central depressions of the Chaco separate it from the Andean Forest.