The last major revision was the fourth edition (" DSM-IV "), published in 1994, although a " text revision " was produced in 2000.

In 1994, DSM-IV was published, listing 297 disorders in 886 pages.

A " text revision " of the DSM-IV, known as the DSM-IV-TR, was published in 2000.

In 1997, Harper's Magazine published an essay, ostensibly a book review of the DSM-IV, that criticized the lack of hard science and the proliferation of disorders.

Other arguments for the iatrogenic position, include the lack of children diagnosed with DID, the sudden spike in incidence after 1980 ( although DID was not a diagnosis until DSM-IV, published in 1994 ), the absence of evidence of increased rates of child abuse, the appearance of the disorder almost exclusively in individuals undergoing psychotherapy, particularly involving hypnosis, the presences of bizarre alternate identities ( such as those claiming to be animals or mythological creatures ) and an increase in the number of alternate identities over time ( as well as an initial increase in their number as psychotherapy begins in DID-oriented therapy.

Eating disorders are classified as Axis I disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders ( DSM-IV ) published by the American Psychiatric Association.

APA published a revised DSM-III-R in 1987 and DSM-IV in 1994, the latter selling nearly a million copies by the end of 2000.

By 1994, however, when DSM-IV was published, it had become " social anxiety disorder " and was now said to be extremely common.

Because it was only recently discovered, DLB is not a recognized diagnosis in DSM-IV, which was published in 1994.

Although Orthorexia is not recognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association, and it is not listed in the DSM-IV or planned to be included in the DSM-V to be published May 2013, it is still used as a diagnosis by some practitioners who have documented the damaging results of the condition as they have seen in their practices.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) published by the American Psychiatric Association ( 1994 ) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms.

When the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV ( DSM-IV ) was published, survivor guilt was removed as a recognized specific diagnosis, and redefined as a significant symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ).

* 2000 – The DSM-IV-TR, was published in May 2000 in order to correct several errors in DSM-IV, and to update and change diagnostic codes to reflect the ICD-9-CM coding system.

The DSM-IV ( 1994 ) retained the sexual disorders classification for paraphlias, but added an even broader category, " sexual and gender identity disorders ", which includes them.

This latter diagnosis was removed in the subsequent revision, DSM-IV ( 1994 ), which also collapsed the GIDC and transsexualism in a new diagnosis of gender identity disorder.

Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, a study by Braun, Sunday, and Halmi ( 1994 ) investigated the occurrence of OCPD in a variety of eating disorder diagnostic groups.

In the DSM-IV ( 1994 ), the criterion that the diagnosis requires " marked distress or interpersonal difficulty " was added.

These changes resulted from further research on maltreated and institutionalized children and remain in the current version, DSM-IV, 1994, and its 2000 text revision, DSM-IV-TR, as well as in ICD-10, 1992.

Such interviews might include the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale ( CAPS ; Blake et al., 1995 ), Acute Stress Disorder Interview ( ASDI ; Bryant, Harvey, Dang, & Sackville, 1998 ), Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress ( SIDES ; Pelcovitz et al., 1997 ), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised ( SCID-D ; Steinberg, 1994 ), and Brief Interview for Posttraumatic Disorders ( BIPD ; Briere, 1998 ).

* Adjustment Disorders-According to the DSM-IV ( American Psychiatric Association, 1994 ) criteria, adjustment disorder is a maladaptive response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor occurring within three months and remitting within six months of the termination of the stressor.

The DSM-IV ( American Psychiatric Association 1994 ) diagnostic criteria for female sexual arousal disorders are:

The condition was officially recognized in 1994 in the DSM-IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition ) as a specific phobia of blood / injection / injury type.

Even though the concept is controversial, the term culture-bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( American Psychiatric Association, 1994 ) which also includes a list of the most common culture-bound conditions ( DSM-IV: Appendix I ).

As schizoaffective disorder is presently defined in the DSM-IV criteria, at some point during the lifetime course of the illness, psychosis must occur continuously for at least two-weeks without any mood disorder symptoms, and the symptoms must not be caused by medication ( s ), substance use or another medical condition.

Proponents argue that the inter-rater reliability of DSM diagnoses ( via a specialized Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ) rather than usual psychiatric assessment ) is reasonable, and that there is good evidence of distinct patterns of mental, behavioral or neurological dysfunction to which the DSM disorders correspond well.

As DSM-III chief architect Robert Spitzer and DSM-IV editor Michael First outlined in 2005, " little progress has been made toward understanding the pathophysiological processes and etiology of mental disorders.

Cross-cultural psychiatrist Arthur Kleinman contends that the Western bias is ironically illustrated in the introduction of cultural factors to the DSM-IV: the fact that disorders or concepts from non-Western or non-mainstream cultures are described as " culture-bound ", whereas standard psychiatric diagnoses are given no cultural qualification whatsoever, is to Kleinman revelatory of an underlying assumption that Western cultural phenomena are universal.

Of the authors who selected and defined the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders, roughly half had had financial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry at one time, raising the prospect of a direct conflict of interest.

One paper argued that every expert involved in writing the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV disorders depression and schizophrenia had financial ties to drug companies.

His fundamental theories on the etiology and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders form the basis of all major diagnostic systems in use today, especially the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IV and the World Health Organization's ICD system.

There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders — ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders, since 1949 part of the International Classification of Diseases produced by the WHO, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) produced by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) since 1952.

Perhaps due to their perceived rarity, the dissociative disorders ( including DID ) were not initially included in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ), which is designed to make psychiatric diagnoses more rigorous and reliable.

Communication disorders are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence though they are not limited as childhood disorders and may persist into adulthood ( DSM IV-TR, Rapoport DSM-IV Training Guide for Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders ).

* Communication Disorder NOS ( Not Otherwise Specified )— the DSM-IV category in which disorders that do not meet the specific criteria for the disorder listed above may be classified.

Several of the above mentioned disorders, such as diabulimia, food maintenance syndrome and orthorexia nervosa, are not currently recognized as mental disorders in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV.

The DSM-IV should not be used by laypersons to diagnose themselves, even when used by professionals there has been considerable controversy over the diagnostic criteria used for various diagnoses, including eating disorders.

However, DSM-IV excludes from adjustment disorders cases secondary to bereavement, which contributes to approximately 6-8 % of nervous breakdowns.

This is true especially because of evidence that this disorder originates in the families of those with it and has a lot to do with psychosocial and environmental factors ( Axis IV ), rather than belonging strictly in the personality disorders and mental retardation section ( Axis II ) of the DSM-IV construct.

These characteristics were the precursors of the DSM-IV division of schizoid character into three distinct personality disorders, though Kretschmer himself did not conceive of separating these behaviors to the point of radical isolation ; rather, he considered them to be simultaneously present as varying potentials in schizoid individuals.

DSM-IV states, " there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries " but isolated, low-grade and noncriterion ( unlisted for a given disorder ) symptoms are not given importance.

Rapport, Todd, Lumley, and Fisicaro suggest that the closest DSM-IV diagnostic category to nervous breakdown is Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood ( Acute ).

The category was approved by the DSM-IV Task Force in 1993, after changing the title to " Religious or Spiritual Problem ".

A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported that among ages 18 – 24, 2. 8 % met the criteria for major depression, 8. 1 % met the criteria for other depression ( DSM-IV category Depressive Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified-minor or subthreshold depression, or Dysthymia ) and 10. 9 % met the criteria for current depression.

The Eating disorder not otherwise specified ( EDNOS ) category as described in DSM-IV is “ for disorders of eating that do not meet the criteria for any specific eating disorder .” Thus, individuals who have clinically significant eating disorders that do not meet DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa are diagnosed with EDNOS.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ), dysgraphia is characterized as a learning disability in the category of written expression when one ’ s writing skills are below those expected given a person ’ s age measured through intelligence and age appropriate education.

The term drug addiction is then used as a category which may include the same persons who, under the DSM-IV, can be given the diagnosis of substance dependence or substance abuse.

The term culture-bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category.