However, he did not use the term in the modern sense, by bloodlines, but rather, introduced new dynasties whenever he detected some sort of discontinuity whether geographical ( Dynasty IV from Memphis, Dynasty V from Elephantine ), or genealogical ( especially in Dynasty I, he refers to each successive Pharaoh as the " son " of the previous to define what he means by " continuity ").

* Abu is the Ancient Egyptian name for the city of Elephantine, near modern day Aswan

A stela from Kashta's reign has been found in Elephantine ( modern day Aswan )-- at the local temple dedicated to the God Khnum — which attests to his control of this region.

Comparisons with the Klemm collection of Egyptian rock samples showed a close resemblance to rock from a small granodiorite quarry at Gebel Tingar on the west bank of the Nile, west of Elephantine in the region of Aswan ; the pink vein is typical of granodiorite from this region.

Opposite Elephantine, on the east bank at Aswan, Khnum, Satis and Anukis are shown on a chapel wall dating to the Ptolemaic time.

Strabo does mention that there was a particular well that was used for observing that Syene lies on the Tropic of Cancer, but the reference is to a well in Syene ( Aswan ), not on Elephantine.

The best known example of this kind can be seen on the island of Elephantine in Aswan.

The dry soil of Upper Egypt preserved documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of Elephantine and Syene ( Aswan ).

Kitchener's Island is one of two major islands on the Nile in vicinity of Aswan, the other one being Elephantine.

Elephantine is much larger than Kitchener's Island and located between Kitchener's Island and the city of Aswan ( east bank ).

The first of these was centered around Elephantine close to Egypt's border with Nubia at the First Cataract – the area of modern-day Aswan.

In addition, Djoser issues a decree in which he grants the temple of Khnum at Elephantine the region between Aswan and Takompso with all its wealth, as well as a share of all the imports from Nubia.

The removal ( or " sealing up ") of the leaven is referred to in the Elephantine papyri, an Aramaic papyrus from 5th century BCE Elephantine in Egypt.

Imported papyrus once commonplace in Greece and Italy has since deteriorated beyond repair, but papyrus is still being found in Egypt ; extraordinary examples include the Elephantine papyri and the famous finds at Oxyrhynchus and Nag Hammadi.

* The Nubians, led by queen Candace Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine.

Later she became regarded as one of the consorts of Khnum, the god identified as the guardian of the source of the Nile, with whom she was worshipped at Elephantine ( the First nome of Egypt ), indeed the centre of her cult was nearby, at Sahal, another island of the Nile.

In Egyptian mythology, Anuket ( also spelt Anqet, and in Greek, Anukis ) was originally the personification and goddess of the Nile river, in areas such as Elephantine, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby regions of Nubia.

An inscription known as the Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but probably created during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of Khnum on the island of Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt.

Known to the Ancient Egyptians as Abu or Yebu, the island of Elephantine stood at the border between Egypt and Nubia.

The Elephantine papyri are caches of legal documents and letters written in Aramaic, which document a community of Jewish soldiers, with perhaps an admixture of Samaritans, stationed here during the Persian occupation of Egypt.

:' Now our forefathers built this temple in the fortress of Elephantine back in the days of the kingdom of Egypt, and when Cambyses came to Egypt he found it built.

A large number of Jews in Egypt became mercenaries in Upper Egypt on an island called the Elephantine.

His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt.

A temple was constructed in Nubia at Saï, and he built structures in Upper Egypt at Elephantine, Kom Ombo, Abydos, and the Temple of Nekhbet, but did not build anything in Lower Egypt, like his father.

Whether they were the descendants of an Israelite tribe, or converted by Jews living in Yemen, or by the Jewish community in southern Egypt at Elephantine.

If his theoretical accession date is assumed to be II Shemu 10, based on the date of his Elephantine stela, Setnakhte would have ruled Egypt for at least two years and 11 months before he died, or nearly three full years.

However, the Al-Ahram figure does not change the fact that Setnakhte likely truly ruled Egypt for only 3, rather than 4, full years since there are no Year 1 dates attested for him and his famous Year 2 Elephantine stela states that Setnakhte finally secured his kingship after defeating all his opponents and challengers to the throne.

Pepi I was a prolific builder who ordered extensive construction projects in Upper Egypt at Dendera, Abydos, Elephantine and Hierakonpolis.

The Jewish mercenaries at Elephantine served the Persian overlords of Egypt in the 5th century BC.

They controlled Upper Egypt up to Elephantine and ruled Middle Egypt as far north as Cusae.

* Jewish temple at Elephantine

* Jewish temple at Elephantine

* Jewish temple at Elephantine

The Jewish community at Elephantine was probably founded as a military installation circa 650 BC during Manasseh's reign, to assist Pharaoh Psammetichus I in his Nubian campaign ( See Investigating the Origin of the

Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review.

The Elephantine Papyri are a collection of ancient Jewish manuscripts dating from the 5th century BC.

They come from a Jewish community at Elephantine, then called Yeb, the island in the Nile at the border of Nubia, which was probably founded as a military installation in about 650 BC during Manasseh's reign to assist Pharaoh Psammetichus I in his Nubian campaign.

Though some fragments on papyrus are much older, the largest number of papyri are written in Aramaic, the lingua franca of the Persian Empire, and document the Jewish community among soldiers stationed at Elephantine under Persian rule, 495-399 BCE.

A letter from the Elephantine Papyri, requesting the rebuilding of a Jewish temple at Elephantine.

The " Petition to Bagoas " ( Sayce-Cowley collection ) is a letter written in 407 BCE to Bagoas, the Persian governor of Judea, appealing for assistance in rebuilding the Jewish temple in Elephantine, which had recently been badly damaged by an anti-Semitic rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine community.

In the course of this appeal, the Jewish inhabitants of Elephantine speak of the antiquity of the damaged temple:

* Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony, 1968.

* Jewish temple at Elephantine

The Elephantine papyri 419 BCE include a " Passover letter " which already included many of the pesach observances of today ; Among the papyri is the first known text of a Ketubah ( Jewish marriage contract ) from about 440 B. C. E.

The Jewish military colonists in Elephantine in the 5th century BC had their altar of Yahweh beside the highway ; the Jews in Egypt in the Ptolemaic period had, besides many local sanctuaries, one greater temple at Leontopolis, with a priesthood whose claim to " valid orders " was much better than that of the High Priests in Jerusalem, and the legitimacy of whose worship is admitted even by the Palestinian rabbis.

In the Elephantine papyri, caches of legal documents and letters written in Aramaic amply document the lives of a community of Jewish soldiers stationed there as part of a frontier garrison in Egypt for the Achaemenid Empire.

* Jewish temple at Elephantine

* Briefly Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review