However, in 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which restored the French civil law for matters of private law ( e. g., contracts, property, successions ), while keeping the English common law as the basis for public law in the colony, notably the criminal law.

The three remaining EFA member parties in Parliament ( SNP, VU and Canarian Coalition ) formed a common group with the French Energie Radicale list and the Italian Pannella List.

Many French people are uninterested in such matters: only 40 % of the French electorate voted in the 2009 European Parliament elections.

They include the Parti de Gauche and the French Communist Party, which formed the Front de Gauche for the 2009 European Parliament elections and obtained 6. 3 % of the votes.

In 1885, to get rid of habitual criminals and to increase the number of colonists, the French Parliament passed a law that anyone, male or female, who had more than three sentences for theft of more than three months each, would be sent to French Guiana as a " relégué.

At first, Charles II opposed the alliance with the Dutch ruler — he preferred that Mary marry the heir to the French Throne, the Dauphin Louis, thus allying his realms with Catholic France and strengthening the odds of a Catholic successor in Britain ; but later, under pressure from Parliament and with a coalition with the Catholic French no longer politically favourable, he approved the union.

At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the French Parliament by two deputies and two senators.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* Parliament of the French Community

This in turn led to the new French constitution of the Fourth Republic approved on 27 October 1946 and the election of the first African members of Parliament in Paris.

On 27 April 1848, following the February revolution in France, a law was passed in Paris enabling the Four Quarters to elect a Deputy to the French Parliament for the first time.

Besides, the Congress of France-the name given to the body created when both houses of the French Parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate, meet-gathers in the Château de Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution.

After that, Versailles was never again the seat of the capital of France, but the presence of the French Parliament there in the 1870s left a vast hall built in one aisle of the palace which is still used by the French Parliament when it meets in Congress to amend the French Constitution, as well as when the French president addresses the two chambers of the French Parliament.

Sartre always sympathized with the Left, and supported the French Communist Party ( PCF ) until the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary.

Following the Liberation the PCF were infuriated by Sartre's philosophy, which appeared to lure young French men and women away from the ideology of communism and into Sartre ’ s own existentialism ( Scriven 1999: 13 ).

From 1956 onwards Sartre rejected the claims of the PCF to represent the French working classes, objecting to its " authoritarian tendencies ".

He had become a member of the French Communist Party ( PCF ) which gave guidance to the ideas of the Khmer Rouge.

After the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh as the government of Vietnam in 1950, French Communists ( PCF ) took up the cause of Vietnam's independence.

* PCF = French Communist Party ( Parti Communiste Français )

* The SFIO split in the 1920 Tours Congress, where a majority of SFIO members created the French Section of the Communist International ( the future PCF )

Since then, the government alternated between a left-wing coalition ( composed of the French Socialist Party ( PS ), the French Communist Party ( PCF ) and more recently Les Verts, the Greens ) and a right-wing coalition ( composed of Jacques Chirac's Rally for the Republic ( RPR ), later replaced by the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ), and the Union for French Democracy, UDF ).

He was a member of the directing committee of the French Communist Party ( PCF )).

After the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the French Communist Party ( PCF ) was declared a proscribed organisation by Édouard Daladier's government.

After the war, the influential French Communist Party ( PCF ) projected itself as " Le Parti des Fusillés " ( The Party of those shot ), in recognition of the thousands of Communists executed for their Résistance activities.

After completing her studies, she became an active member of the PCF ( the French Communist Party ).

Organized by the French Communist Party ( PCF ), it had been prohibited by the state.

Robert Hue, in full Robert Georges Auguste Hue ( born 19 October 1946 ), is a French politician who was National Secretary of the French Communist Party ( PCF ) from 1994 to 2001 and President of the PCF from 2001 to 2002.

At least one mass party, the French Communist Party ( PCF ) and many smaller parties strongly opposed to Eurocommunism and stayed aligned to the positions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the end of the USSR ( although the PCF did make a brief turn toward Eurocommunism in the mid-to-late 1970s ).

Eurocommunism became a force across Europe in 1977, when Enrico Berlinguer of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ), Santiago Carrillo of the Communist Party of Spain ( PCE ) and Georges Marchais of the French Communist Party ( PCF ) met in Madrid and laid out the fundamental lines of the " new way ".

With the Bolshevik victory in Russia the party was changing ; at the Congress of Tours in December 1920, the Socialists split into two ideological components: the French Communist Party ( SFIC later PCF ), inspired by Moscow, and the more moderate French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ).

After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party ( PCF ), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement ( MRP ).

When Napoleon's ship had borne him to Elba, French wines had started to cross the Channel, the first shipments in a dozen war-ridden years, but the supplies had not yet reached rural hostelries where the sweet wines of the Spanish peninsula still ruled.

Although Mr. Brown was not himself its inventor ( it was a French idea ), it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use.

So it was that when Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe first saw the French tool on exhibition in Paris in 1868, they brought a sample with them to the United States and started Brown & Sharpe in yet another field where it retains its leadership to this day.

Poirot also bears a striking resemblance to A. E. W. Mason's fictional detective — Inspector Hanaud of the French Sûreté — who, first appearing in the 1910 novel At the Villa Rose, predates the writing of the first Poirot novel by six years.

In its origins and its first golden age, no art owes quite as much to state power as French painting does.

In 1806, the French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the first amino acid to be discovered.

New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales, ( 1994, first French edition, 1987 ) excerpt and text search

* 1786 – Mont Blanc on the French – Italian border is climbed for the first time by Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard.

The question whether there is a limit to the degree of cold possible, and, if so, where the zero must be placed, was first addressed by the French physicist Guillaume Amontons in 1702, in connection with his improvements in the air thermometer.

* 1944 – Alençon is liberated by General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, the first city in France to be liberated from the Nazis by French forces.

* 1808 – Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.

Andrew's first mission to the East was when he was asked by the French king Louis IX to go and fetch the Crown of Thorns which had been sold to him by the Latin Emperor of Constantinople Baldwin II in 1238, who was anxious to obtain support for his tottering empire.

From the unexpected realism of his first major figure — inspired by his 1875 trip to Italy — to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought, Rodin's reputation grew, such that he became the preeminent French sculptor of his time.

The series first appeared in French in the magazine Pilote on 29 October 1959.

The first ironclad battleship, with iron armour over a wooden hull, La Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in 1859 ; she prompted the British Royal Navy to build a counter.

He is very popular with women ; when he and his comrades meet three French women, he is the first to seduce one of them.

The first generation of television chefs such as Robert Carrier and Julia Child tended to concentrate on cooking based primarily on European, especially French and Italian, cuisines.

Salieri's first French opera contained scenes of great solemnity and festivity ; yet overshadowing it all was darkness and revenge.

As the political situation threatened and eventually overwhelmed Austria, which was repeatedly crushed by French political forces, Salieri's first and most important biographer Mosel described the emotional effect that this political, social, and cultural upheaval had on the composer.

* 1809 – Two Austrian army corps are driven from Landshut by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon I of France as two French corps to the north hold off the main Austrian army on the first day of the Battle of Eckmühl.

Wind tunnels were key in the development and validation of the laws of aerodynamics. In 1889, Charles Renard, a French aeronautical engineer, became the first person to reasonably predict the power needed for sustained flight.

In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles.

Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize.