Jacob Burckhardt, in his cultural classic The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, observed that hierarchy, exclusionary and inherited caste structure was pervasive in Italy, from the nobili caste to the merchants to the peasants.

* Burckhardt, Jacob The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy ( 1860 ), a famous classic ; excerpt and text search 2007 edition ; also complete text online

The classic definition of Italian Fascism applies to the latter part of the history of the movement in power, when Italy was firmly under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.

It includes the Thyatian Empire, which could be compared to Byzantine Empire ; the Grand Duchy of Karameikos ( which includes the town of Threshold, the default setting of many classic D & D adventures ), comparable to medieval southeastern Europe ; the Principalities of Glantri, which is similar to medieval western Europe, ruled by wizard-princes ; the Ethengar Khanate, a Mongol-like society ; the merchant-run Republic of Darokin, which is based somewhat loosely on the mercantile states of Medieval Italy ; the Emirates of Ylaruam which have an Arabic flavor ; the Heldannic Territories, ruled by an order of religious Knights devoted to the Immortal Vanya, similar to the Teutonic Knights ; the Atruaghin Clans, which have an Amerindian feel ; the nation of Sind, based on India during the rule of the Mughals ; the Northern Reaches Kingdoms of Ostland, Vestland, the Soderfjord Jarldoms, based on Scandinavian kingdoms at various periods of history ; the Dwarven nation of Rockhome ; the elven Kingdom of Alfheim ; the Halfling lands of the Five Shires ; and the Alphatian Empire, ruled by wizards and other spellcasters.

Burlington had never closely inspected Roman ruins or made detailed drawings on the sites in Italy ; he relied on Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition.

He is best known for Wanderjahre in Italien, his account of the walks he took through Italy in the 1850s, and the monumental Die Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter ( History of Rome in the Middle Ages ), a classic for Medieval and early Renaissance history.

The classic example of a sparkling wine is Champagne, but this wine is exclusively produced in the Champagne region of France and many sparkling wines are produced in other countries and regions, such as Espumante in Portugal, Cava in Spain, Franciacorta, Trento, Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico and Asti in Italy ( the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being spumante ) and Cap Classique in South Africa.

In the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the tournament favorites Brazil easily moved through the early part of the draw, but a 3 – 2 defeat to Italy, in one of the classic games in finals history, eliminated them from the tournament.

This set up a classic confrontation, Brazil vs. Italy, in the final.

In southern Italy, especially Sicily, living nativity scenes ( called presepe vivente in Italian ), are extremely popular, and are rather elaborate affairs, which feature the classic nativity scene as well as a mock rural 19th-century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their particular trades.

Eduard Fueter's classic work drew attention to a cyclonic zone, an enormous vacuum in 1494 over the fragmented Italy of princes and urban republics.

Late in the 16th century, while " classic " madrigals continued to be written throughout Italy, different styles of madrigal composition developed somewhat independently in different geographic areas.

The school's students are nicknamed " Brutions ", as a classic reference to the inhabitants of the Bruttium region of Roman Italy, who had a reputation for their roughness and fighting spirit.

Although he also loved pop music, classic rock and traditional music of Italy.

The book analyzes the three classic fascist societies -- Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Francoist Spain -- and establishes five elements of a Fascist political system:

Arcadelt was the most influential member of the early phase of madrigal composition, the " classic " phase ; it was through Arcadelt's publications, more than those of any other composer, that the madrigal became known outside of Italy.

Few manufacturers still produce the classic Italian style stiletto switchblade, except in Italy.

The progeny of Kincsem's three daughters won 41 classic races in Austria, France, Germany, Hungary and Italy.

Francis Marion Crawford ( August 2, 1854 – April 9, 1909 ) was an American writer noted for his many novels, especially those set in Italy, and for his classic weird and fantastic stories.

As Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian and author of the classic The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy described, “ It was not the revival of antiquity alone, but its union with the genius of the Italian people which achieved the conquest of the western world .” In sum, Cavalcanti lived during and helped shape this time of great innovation that was spurred on by a desire to explore, create and experiment with new things.

The most obvious sign of Carossa's financial success and definite turn toward literature was his ability to fulfill his desire for a Goethean pilgrimage to classic Italy.

Amadeo Giannini and the " Bank of Italy " were also the basis for the classic 1932 Frank Capra movie American Madness which was an original screenplay titled Faith by Robert Riskin.

Boetius, a 6th century Christian philosopher, helped keep alive the classic tradition in post-Roman Italy.

* Maximian retires from office and leaves for Campania ( southern Italy ) to live a life of ease in his luxury villas.

This road would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style or Stile Liberty as it is known in Italy.

These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the villa suburbana in Central Italy.

Many estates had ruins of monastic houses and ( in Italy ) Roman villas ; others, lacking such buildings, constructed their own sham versions of these romantic structures.

" He knew nearly all the most interesting people in Italy, besides many distinguished foreigners: Giuseppe Giusti, the poet, Alessandro Manzoni, the novelist, Niccolò Tommaseo, Richard Cobden, A von Reumont, the historian, were among those whom he entertained at his palace or his villas, and many were the struggling students and revolutionists to whom he gave assistance.

Augustus ' successor Tiberius built a series of villas at Capri, the most famous of which is the Villa Jovis, one of the best-preserved Roman villas in Italy.

Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy, especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum.

In 14th and 15th century Italy, a villa once more connoted a country house, like the first Medici villas, the Villa del Trebbio and that at Cafaggiolo, both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the Mugello region near Florence.

The Roman villas Villa Ludovisi and Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the real estate bubble that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a united Italy was established at Rome.

Two of the most popular of Georgetown's own programs are those based in the University's villas in Alanya, Turkey and Fiesole, Italy.

The famous author and his wife lived most of their married life in boarding houses and rented villas in France and Italy.

Of all the country houses of the 18th century, its façades replicate in undiluted form not only the classical villas of Italy on which Palladianism was founded, but also the temples of antiquity on which Neoclassicism was based.

The principal reception rooms are on the ground floor with large sash windows opening immediately into the porticos and the colonnades, and therefore onto the gardens, a situation unheard of in the grand villas and palaces of Renaissance Italy.

Even uncompleted, the Villa Madama, in Rome, Italy, with its loggia and segmental columned garden court and its casino with an open center, was one of the most famous and imitated villas and terraced gardens of the High Renaissance.

His wealth must have been prodigious, for in addition to his town mansion on the Caelian Hill, and several houses in the city which he lent to his friends, he possessed upwards of a dozen villas in Italy, many detached farms, together with estates in Sicily and Mauritania.

In its stead, a group of great villas were assembled in the area, run by slave labor not unlike the latifundia holdings typical of southern Italy.

Category: Roman villas in Italy

Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and the Veneto or as he put it: "... the charming character of the irregular villas of Italy.

Category: Roman villas in Italy

A trip to Italy in 1892 in the company of his brother to photograph extant Renaissance gardens and villas led to a marked development in Platt's aesthetic approach.