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In Japanese phonology, sandhi is primarily exhibited in rendaku ( consonant mutation from voiced to unvoiced when not word-initial, in some contexts ) and conversion of つ or く ( tsu, ku ) to a geminate consonant ( orthographically, the sokuon っ ), both of which are reflected in spelling – indeed, っ symbol for gemination is morphosyntactically derived from つ, and voicing is indicated by adding two dots as in か ／ が ka, ga, making the relation clear.
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Japanese and phonology
Early Middle Japanese sees a significant amount of Chinese influence on the language's phonology – length distinctions become phonemic for both consonants and vowels, and series of both labialised ( e. g. kwa ) and palatalised ( kya ) consonants are added.
The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries ; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms ( for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ).
* Japanese phonology
As Hepburn is based on English and Italian phonology, an English speaker unfamiliar with Japanese will generally pronounce a word romanized in Hepburn more accurately than a word romanized in the competing Kunrei-shiki.
Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script.
Much of the vocabulary borrowed by Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ( collectively known as Sino-Xenic vocabulary ) descends from Early Middle Chinese, but many distinctions were inevitably lost in mapping Chinese phonology onto foreign phonological systems.
In terms of historical Japanese phonology, himiko would regularly correspond to Old Japanese * Fimeko.
He makes a study of Chinese phonology and of Old Japanese transcribed into Chinese characters by sound.
Chinese borrowings also significantly impacted Japanese phonology, leading to many new developments such as closed syllables ( CVC, not just CV ) and Length becoming a phonetic feature with the development of both long vowels and long consonants – see Early Middle Japanese: Phonological developments.
However, because Japanese phonology does not allow these consonants to appear at the end of a syllable either, they are usually followed in Sino-Japanese by an additional " i " or " u " vowel, resulting in a second syllable (- tsu or-chi if from-t ,-ku if from-k, and-fu if from-p ).
Carr ( 1995: 13 ) cites Japanese tradition and historical phonology to support the latter etymon.
Japanese phonology requires a vowel after every " r ," so that " baritsu " can be pronounced as a Japanese word whereas " Bartitsu " cannot.
Due to Japanese pronunciation rules and its mora-based phonology, many words when spoken in their entirety take a significant amount of time to pronounce.
Traditionally borrowings have had pronunciations that conform to Japanese phonology and phonotactics.
This change in Japanese phonology following the introduction of foreign words ( here primarily from English ) can be compared to the earlier posited change in Japanese phonology following the introduction of Chinese loanwords, such as closed syllables ( CVC, not just CV ) and length becoming a phonetic feature with the development of both long vowels and long consonants – see Early Middle Japanese: Phonological developments.
Japanese and is
Assuming the lower figure for the big blast and one shot estimated by the Japanese at 10 megatons, a conservative computation is that the 24 announced tests produced a total yield of at least 60 megatons.
In is she Chinese or Japanese??
The Japanese sake is wine fermented from rice grain.
Mrs. Hosaka is one of the Japanese women one reads about -- beautiful, artistically talented, an artful manager of her big household -- ( four boys and four girls ), and yet looking like a pampered, gentle Japanese woman.
I was told that it is quite likely that Japanese soldiers would not fight again -- for why should they??
Masu is also teaching in a municipally-sponsored school for Japanese widows in Tokyo.
Here again it was vacation time and there were many things I could not see, but I was able to visit with a professor who is famous in Japanese circles and be guided through the grounds by his assistant.
Field Marshal Slim is more impressed by the courage of Japanese soldiers than he is by the ability of their commanders.
But the greater reason for fumbling, stumbling American leadership is due to the shock her pride suffered when the Japanese attacked at Pearl Harbor.
Most of them have been assimilated, but sometimes a man in Miyagi or Akita prefectures is much more hairy than the average Japanese, and occasionally a girl will be strikingly lovely, her coloring warmed and improved by a little of the tawny honey-in-the-sun tint of the invaders from the South.
She was taller than most Japanese girls, and had the exquisitely willowy form of the Japanese girl who is lucky enough to be tall.
Tommy, of course, had never heard of a kotowaza, or Japanese proverb, which says, `` Tanin yori miuchi '', and is literally translated as `` Relatives are better than strangers ''.
In Japanese, the abacus is called soroban (, lit.
The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.
The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation.
This organization is used in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean hangul, and even Japanese kana, which is not an alphabet.
Japanese is first attested in a few short inscriptions from the 5th century AD, such as the Inariyama Sword.
The first substantial text in Japanese, however, is the Kojiki, which dates from 712 AD.
However Juhanen ( 1992 ) is skeptical about an affiliation of Japanese to Altaic languages, while Róna-Tas ( 1998: 77 ) remarked that a relationship between Altaic and Japanese, if it ever existed, must be more remote than the relationship of any two of the Indo-European languages.
Ramsey ( 2004: 340 ) stated that " the genetic relationship between Korean and Japanese, if it in fact exists, is probably more complex and distant than we can imagine on the basis of our present state of knowledge ", a concept later restated by Lee ( 2011 ).
Japanese and primarily
This disrupted Chiang's offensives against the Communists for a time, although it was the northern factions of Hu Hanmin's Guangzhou ( Canton ) government ( notably the 19th Route Army ) that primarily led the offensive against the Japanese during this skirmish.
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service primarily operating the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service flying the Nakajima Ki-27 and the Nakajima Ki-43, initially enjoyed great success, as these fighters generally had better range, maneuverability, speed and climb rates than their Allied counterparts.
In contrast to the hiragana syllabary, which is used for those Japanese language words and grammatical inflections which kanji does not cover, the katakana syllabary is primarily used for transcription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words ( collectively gairaigo ).
Still, the original term " manga " is primarily used in English-speaking countries solely to describe comics of Japanese origin.
The Japanese were unlike the German Empire, which had primarily economic interests in Micronesia.
These were primarily for the Japanese market, but some were exported to and sold in Australia.
Yet, the Man ' yōshū is singular, even in comparison with later works, in choosing primarily Ancient Japanese themes, extolling Shintō virtues of and virility ( masuraoburi ).
Politics of this era consisted primarily of the political and military struggle between the KMT and the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in between bouts of active resistance against Japanese invasion.
These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast.
Akiko recorded her debut album, Japanese Girl, primarily in Los Angeles with Lowell George and Little Feat.
The policy had been established primarily for protection against Western imperialism, but before long Joseon was forced to open trade, beginning an era leading into Japanese colonial rule.
After the annexation, Japan set out to repress Korean traditions and culture, develop and implement policies primarily for the Japanese benefit.
A, often abbreviated to, is a Japanese female model who primarily models on magazines, especially men's magazines, photobooks or DVDs.
Japanese troops pursued the retreating Chinese army units, primarily in the Xiakuan area to the north of the city walls and around the Zijin Mountain in the east.
Both natural rubber and abaca ( used to produce rope products ) were produced primarily in south Asia, which came under Japanese control.
On the evening of August 12, a 25-man U. S. Marine patrol, led by Lieutenant Colonel Frank Goettge and primarily consisting of intelligence personnel, landed by boat west of the Lunga perimeter, between Point Cruz and the Matanikau River, on a reconnaissance mission with a secondary objective of contacting a group of Japanese troops that U. S. forces believed might be willing to surrender.
Japanese troops pursued the retreating Chinese army units, primarily in the Xiakuan area to the north of the city walls and around the Zijin Mountain in the east.
Genki Rockets has thus far produced two albums, Genki Rockets I: Heavenly Star and Genki Rockets II: No Border Between Us, consisting primarily of electronic pop music, sung mostly in English, with occasional Japanese phrases.
The restaurants are primarily Italian, but there are also restaurants and diners that specialize in American food, Chinese food, and more recently Japanese food.
Based primarily out of Rangoon, Burma and Kunming, Yunnan, Chennault's 1st American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) – better known as the " Flying Tigers " – began training in August 1941 and fought the Japanese for seven months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
* Masami Akita ( 秋田昌美 AKITA Masami ), while known primarily as a musician, has produced an extensive number of scholarly writings on the history and practice of Japanese bondage.
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