Andrew Johnson ( December 29, 1808 July 31, 1875 ) was the 17th President of the United States ( 1865 – 1869 ).

The spark was Napoleon's invasion of Spain, after which he deposed King Ferdinand VII and, in July 1808, placed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne.

On July 20, 1808, Joseph Bonaparte, eldest brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, entered Madrid and established a government by which he became King of Spain, serving as a surrogate for Napoleon.

This occupation of the Iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism, and soon the Spanish and Portuguese fought the French using guerilla tactics, defeating the French forces at the Battle of Bailén ( June and July 1808 ).

Solomon Northup ( July 1808 – c. 1864-1875 ) was a free-born African American from Saratoga Springs, New York.

* July 31 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States ( b. 1808 )

* July 5 – Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, Italian noblewoman, patriot, writer and journalist ( b. 1808 )

* July 25 – John Taylor, American religious leader ( b. 1808 )

* July 18 – Saverio Bettinelli, Italian writer ( d. 1808 )

In July 1808 he left Paris and spent the autumn and winter in Switzerland as the guest of Madame de Staël at Coppet, in the midst of her circle of wits.

British men-of-war supported the Swedish fleet during the Finnish War and had victories over the Russians in the Gulf of Finland in July 1808 and August 1809.

Joseph-Napoleon Bonaparte ( 7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844 ) was the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily ( 1806 – 1808 ), and later King of Spain ( 1808 – 1813, as José I ).

He was born in L ' Assomption, Quebec, on 4 July 1787, and came to the U. S. in 1808 canoeing to St. Louis, Missouri, where he met married a woman of Spanish and French descent, Eulalie Becquette Alvarez-Hortiz.

Johann Gustav Droysen ( July 6, 1808 – June 19, 1884 ) was a German historian.

Marshal Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (; 13 July 1808 – 17 October 1893 ), was a French general and politician with the distinction Marshal of France.

John Taylor ( November 1, 1808 – July 25, 1887 ) was the third president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) from 1880 to 1887.

Selim III ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 24, 1761 – July 28 / 29, 1808 )</ span > was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.

The night of Thursday, July 28, 1808, he was with his favourite lady, Refet Kadın, and a slave girl or perhaps another favourite Pakize Kadın in attendance.

Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى Mahmud-ı < u > s </ u > ānī ) < span dir =" ltr ">( 20 July 1789 – 1 July 1839 )</ span > was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.

In 1808 he joined Samuel Butler ’ s provincial troupe and went on to marry Mary Chambers of Waterford, the leading actress on 17th July.

* July 18-Saverio Bettinelli, Italian Jesuit writer ( died 1808 )

Fisher Ames ( April 9, 1758 – July 4, 1808 ) was a Representative in the United States Congress from the 1st Congressional District of Massachusetts.

Napoleon's infant son, Napoleon II, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned ( as opposed to ruled ) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815.

Napoleon defeated the Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids ( 21 July 1798 ) and sent hundreds of scientists and linguists out to thoroughly explore modern and ancient Egypt.

After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg ( Convention of the Elbe ) on July 5, 1803, about 30, 000 French soldiers occupied Hanover.

In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7, 000 troops to Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.

* Following his surrender to Captain Frederick Maitland of off Rochefort in 1815, Napoleon was taken to Plymouth Sound where he remained on board, 26 July – 4 August, while his future was decided.

On July 31, 1870, the French Emperor Napoleon III ordered an invasion across the Saar River to seize Saarbrücken.

* July 18 – Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII.

* July 5 – July 6 – Battle of Wagram: Napoleon defeats the Austrians.

* July 20 – Nicéphore Niépce was awarded a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river Saône in France.

* June 22 – Napoleon abdicates again ; Napoleon II ( 1811 – 1832 ), age 4, rules for two weeks ( 22 June to 7 July ).

* July 15 – Napoleon boards off Rochefort and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.

* July 9 – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland.

* July 28 – Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I and King of Naples and Spain ( b. 1768 )

* July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10, 000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.

* July 22 – Napoleon II of France ( b. 1811 )

* July 21 – Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon defeats Ottoman forces near the Pyramids.

* July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo.

In the war against Austria, Bernadotte led the Saxon contingent at the Battle of Wagram ( 6 July 1809 ), on which occasion, on his own initiative, he issued an Order of the Day attributing the victory principally to the valour of his Saxons, which order Napoleon at once disavowed.

On 28 July 1870 Napoleon III left Paris for Metz and assumed command of the newly titled Army of the Rhine, some 202, 448 strong and expected to grow as the French mobilization progressed.

In July 1806, Napoleon formed the Confederation of the Rhine out of the many tiny German states which constituted the Rhineland and most other western parts of Germany.