Other areas of usage for ontologies within NLP include information retrieval, information extraction and text summarization.

* Closed-domain question answering deals with questions under a specific domain ( for example, medicine or automotive maintenance ), and can be seen as an easier task because NLP systems can exploit domain-specific knowledge frequently formalized in ontologies.

The ontology generated for the PANGLOSS knowledge-based machine translation system in 1993 may serve as an example of how an ontology for NLP purposes can be compiled:

The history of NLP generally starts in the 1950s, although work can be found from earlier periods.

What distinguishes these tasks from other potential and actual NLP tasks is not only the volume of research devoted to them but the fact that for each one there is typically a well-defined problem setting, a standard metric for evaluating the task, standard corpora on which the task can be evaluated, and competitions devoted to the specific task.

In many cases, automatic procedures can be defined to evaluate an NLP system by comparing its output with the gold standard ( or desired ) one.

However, for many NLP problems, the definition of a gold standard is a complex task, and can prove impossible when inter-annotator agreement is insufficient.

It is also closely tied to natural language processing ( NLP ), as its input can come from / output can go to NLP applications.

According to one study by Steinbach ( 1984 ), a classic interaction in NLP can be understood in terms of several major stages including establishing rapport, gathering information about a problem state and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to make interventions, and integrating proposed changes into the client's life.

Research into speech synthesis, speech recognition and parsing and how these areas of NLP can be used in CALL are the main focus of the NLP Special Interest Group within the EUROCALL professional association and the ICALL Special Interest Group within the CALICO professional association.

These rules can be expressed in English, as immediate dominance rules for natural language ( useful for example for programmers in the field of NLP — natural language processing ), or visually as parse trees.

* SAS, there are multiple ways to access SAS's implementation of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm: it can be accessed via NLPLM Call in PROC IML and it can also be accessed through the LSQ statement in PROC NLP, and the METHOD = MARQUARDT option in PROC NLIN.

There were reported to be between 80 and 175 candidates on the NLP slate.

* In psychology and NLP ( Neuro-linguistic programming ), congruence could be defined as rapport within oneself, or internal and external consistency, perceived by others as sincerity or certainty.

Even proponents of NLP have acknowledged that the desire to influence people for purely selfish reasons may be responsible for some of NLP's negative reputation.

NLP is a controversial discipline, and it would be fair to say that the general public is uneasy with what is perceived to be subliminal manipulation.

Practitioners who come into CALL via the disciplines of computational linguistics, e. g. Natural Language Processing ( NLP ) and Human Language Technologies ( HLT ), tend to be more optimistic about the potential of error analysis by computer than those who come into CALL via language teaching.

Thus, " natural " and " language " might be linked in a text about NLP.

The two methods were developed by different groups at the same time, and LexRank simply focused on summarization, but could just as easily be used for keyphrase extraction or any other NLP ranking task.

In mathematics, nonlinear programming ( NLP ) is the process of solving a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints, over a set of unknown real variables, along with an objective function to be maximized or minimized, where some of the constraints or the objective function are nonlinear.

At the time, however, ballot papers listed only the names of the candidates, not the names of the parties, so it was probably less likely than it would be today that Labour voters might vote for the NLP by mistake.

The NLP gained a few minor results in elections, but was always destined to be a small fringe movement, and as a result Bean decided to merge his party with another LEL splinter group, the White Defence League in 1960 to form the British National Party.

E-prime is used in neuro-linguistic programming as a technique, and the theoretical basis of NLP relies heavily on Korzybski and Bourland's work.

There are also elaborate types of semantic networks connected with corresponding sets of software tools used for lexical knowledge engineering, like the Semantic Network Processing System ( SNePS ) of Stuart C. Shapiro or the MultiNet paradigm of Hermann Helbig, especially suited for the semantic representation of natural language expressions and used in several NLP applications.

NLP is used as an example of pseudoscience for facilitating the teaching of scientific literacy at the professional and university level.

" In NLP programming, the skillful use of language " patterns " are used to influence not just your own thoughts and behavior, but those of others.

In the mid-1970s her work was extensively studied by the co-founders of Neuro-linguistic programming ( NLP ), Richard Bandler and John Grinder, who used it as one of the three fundamental models of NLP.

Producing a journal Combat, the NLP used its pages to campaign for a reduction in the sentences of those convicted over the Notting Hill riots of 1958.

Other methods ( usually questionnaires ) used to identify learning styles include Fleming's VARK Learning Style Test, Jackson's Learning Styles Profiler ( LSP ), and the NLP meta programs based iWAM questionnaire.

MultiNet has been used in practical NLP applications such as natural language interfaces to the Internet or question answering systems over large semantically annotated corpora with

* Anusaaraka, a free open source machine translation from English to Hindi based on Panini grammar and uses state of the art NLP tools.

Total blindness is the complete lack of form and visual light perception and is clinically recorded as NLP, an abbreviation for " no light perception.

* NLP Modelling, a method in neuro-linguistic programming for acquiring expertise through imitation

Starting in the late 1980s, however, there was a revolution in NLP with the introduction of machine learning algorithms for language processing.

It is a separate field within computer science ( closer to databases ), but IR relies on some NLP methods ( for example, stemming ).

technology for statistical NLP comes mainly from machine learning and data mining, both of which are fields of artificial intelligence

In Italy, the EVALITA campaign was conducted in 2007 and 2009 to compare various NLP and speech tools for Italian ; the 2011 campaign is in full progress-EVALITA web site.

Extrinsic evaluation, also called evaluation in use considers the NLP system in a more complex setting, either as an embedded system or serving a precise function for a human user.

Perhaps the most prominent candidate running on the NLP platform was John Hagelin, who campaigned for U. S. president in 1992, 1996, and 2004.

In 1993, Bevan Morris campaigned for a seat in a district in suburban Adelaide for the Australian House of Representatives on the NLP ticket.

In the 1992 general election, held on 9 April, 310 candidates stood for the NLP in the UK, garnering 0. 19 % of the vote, with every candidate losing their deposit for failing to receive at least 5 % of the vote.

George Harrison performed a fund-raising concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London for the NLP on 6 April 1992, his first full concert in the UK since 1969.

A week before the general election, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi suggested to Harrison that he, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr stand for election as MPs for Liverpool as NLP candidates, but they declined.

In the 1997 general election, the NLP ran 197 candidates for Parliament in the UK, garnering 0. 10 % of the vote, with every candidate losing their deposit.

The NLP ran 8 candidates for the 16 by-elections held between 1997 and 2001, averaging 0. 10 % of the vote, with every candidate losing their deposit.

The NLP did not run any candidates for Parliament in the 2001 general election or in the succeeding by-elections.