PNH is the only hemolytic anemia caused by an acquired ( rather than inherited ) intrinsic defect in the cell membrane ( deficiency of glycophosphatidylinositol leading to absence of protective proteins on the membrane ).

PNH occurs as a result of a defect in one of these mechanisms.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH ), sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare, acquired, potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterised by complement-induced intravascular hemolytic anemia ( anemia due to destruction of red blood cells in the bloodstream ), red urine ( due to the appearance of hemoglobin in the urine ) and thrombosis.

These may develop in common sites ( deep vein thrombosis of the leg veins and resultant pulmonary embolism when these clots break off and enter the lungs ), but, in PNH, blood clots may also form in more unusual sites: the hepatic vein ( causing Budd-Chiari syndrome ), the portal vein of the liver ( causing portal vein thrombosis ), the superior or inferior mesenteric vein ( causing mesenteric ischemia ), and veins of the skin.

Given the high risk of thrombosis in PNH, preventative treatment with warfarin decreases the risk of thrombosis in those with a large clone ( 50 % of white blood cells type III ).

* Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH ), sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare, acquired, potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by complement-induced intravascular hemolytic anemia

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH ) is a rare condition resulting from acquired alterations in the PIGA gene, which plays a role in the protection of blood cells from the complement system.

PNH increases the risk of venous thrombosis but is also associated with hemolytic anemia ( anemia resulting from destruction of red blood cells ).

Blood tests in PNH show changes consistent with intravascular hemolytic anemia: low hemoglobin, raised lactate dehydrogenase, raised reticulocytes ( immature red cells released by the bone marrow to replace the destroyed cells ), raised bilirubin ( a breakdown product of hemoglobin ), and decreased levels of haptoglobin.

Based on the levels of these cell proteins, erythrocytes may be classified as type I, II, or III PNH cells.

Transfusion therapy may be needed ; in addition to correcting significant anemia, this suppresses the production of PNH cells by the bone marrow, and indirectly the severity of the hemolysis.

Iron therapy can result in more hemolysis as more PNH cells are produced.

Flow cytometry testing is performed regularly in people with previous aplastic anemia to monitor for the development of PNH.

This is the main cause of severe complications and death in PNH.

Cerebral venous thrombosis, an uncommon form of stroke, is more common in PNH.

The direct antiglobulin test ( DAT, or direct Coombs ' test ) is negative, as the hemolysis of PNH is not caused by antibodies.

The fluorescein-labeled proaerolysin ( FLAER ) test is being used more frequently to diagnose PNH.

PNH is classified by the context under which it is diagnosed:

PNH is a chronic condition.

Episodes of thrombosis are treated as they would in other patients, but, given that PNH is a persisting underlying cause, it is likely that treatment with warfarin or similar drugs needs to be continued long-term after an episode of thrombosis.

Screening for PNH is performed every year in people with previous aplastic anemia, and may be performed in people with myelodysplastic syndrome of the " refractory anemia " type.

PNH is rare, with an annual rate of 1-2 cases per million.

Founded in 1902 the PNH is identified with the color blue as its rival the Liberal Party of Honduras ( PLH ), is red.

The PNH nominated Miguel Paz Barahona ( 1925 – 29 ), a civilian, for president.

The PNH nominated Carías's choice for president — Juan Manuel Gálvez, who had been minister of war since 1933.

A civilian president for the PNH, Ramón Ernesto Cruz, took power briefly in 1970 until, in December 1972, Oswaldo López staged another coup.

PNH can stand for:

Patients suffering from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH ) appear to be especially at risk for Budd – Chiari syndrome, more than other forms of thrombophilia: up to 39 % develop venous thromboses and 12 % may acquire Budd-Chiari.

In December 2008, he once again became the presidential candidate of the PNH and on 29 November 2009 he was elected President of Honduras with 56 % of the vote against 38 % for his rival Elvin Santos.

His election, for the National Party of Honduras ( PNH ), ended the 16-year dictatorship of Tiburcio Carías Andino.

Defects in the GPI anchors synthesis occur in the rare diseases paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH ) and hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome ( HPMR ).

Most people with " primary PNH " have red urine at some point in their disease course.

" The present-day National Party of Honduras ( Partido Nacional de Honduras — PNH ) traces its origins to his administration.

The long-fragmented conservatives had reunited in the form of the National Party of Honduras ( Partido Nacional de Honduras — PNH ), which ran as its candidate General Tiburcio Carías Andino, the governor of the department of Cortés.

These pressures ultimately helped persuade Carías to withdraw his candidacy and also helped ensure the defeat of an uprising led by General Gregorio Ferrera of the PNH.

The ruling PNH nominated General Carías while the PLH, united again following the death of Policarpo Bonilla in 1926, nominated Vicente Mejía Colindres.

As a result, the PNH candidate, Carías, won the election by a margin of some 20, 000 votes.

Meanwhile, the PNH, at the president's direction, began a propaganda campaign stressing that only the continuance of Carías in office could give the nation continued peace and order.

By the end of the 1930s, the PNH was the only organized functioning political party in the nation.

The PLH claimed victory when its presidential candidates collectively outpolled the PNH candidate, Rafael Leonardo Callejas, who received 42 % of the total vote.

In 1993, PLH candidate Carlos Roberto Reina was elected with 56 % of the vote against PNH contender Oswaldo Ramos.

The PNH gained 61 seats in Congress and the PLH won 55.

The PLH candidate Rafael Pineda was defeated by the PNH candidate Ricardo Maduro, who took office in January 2002.

On 27 November 2005 the PLH candidate Manuel Zelaya beat the PNH candidate and current Head of Congress Porfirio " Pepe " Lobo, and became the new President on 27 January 2006.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, the CGT leadership developed close ties to the National Party of Honduras ( Partido Nacional de Honduaras — PNH ), and several leaders served in the Callejas government.

From 10 to 33 % of all patients develop the rare disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH, anemia with thrombopenia and / or thrombosis ), which has been explained as an escape mechanism by the bone marrow against destruction by the immune system.

Decreased platelet numbers may be due to various causes, including insufficient production ( e. g., in myelodysplastic syndrome or other bone marrow disorders ), destruction by the immune system ( immune thrombocytopenic purpura / ITP ), and consumption due to various causes ( thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura / TTP, hemolytic-uremic syndrome / HUS, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / PNH, disseminated intravascular coagulation / DIC, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia / HIT ).

Having been chosen as the PNH candidate, he was eventually allowed to stand.

The PNH held National Congress passed laws making illicit association a crime, which have seen hundreds of gang members put behind bars.