Of his late works for the stage only two works gained wide popular esteem during his life, Palmira, regina di Persia ( Palmira, Queen of Persia ) 1795 and Cesare in Farmacusa ( Caesar on Pharmacusa ), both drawing on the heroic and exotic success established with Axur.

The most that can be said about built structures under Diocletian's reign is that he rebuilt and strengthened forts at the Upper Rhine frontier ( where he followed the works made under Probus's reign, both along the Lake Constance-Basel as well as along the Rhine – Iller – Danube line ), in Egypt, and on the frontier with Persia.

This would be the first of numerous works on Persia, Turkey, and the Middle East in general.

* Ptolemy III returns from his conquests of Seleucid territory with a large amount of treasure and works of art, including many statues of Egyptian gods carried off to Persia by Cambyses.

His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry ( Divan ) are to be found in the homes of most people in Persia ( Iran ), Afghanistan and Tajikistan, as well as elsewhere in the world, who learn his poems by heart and use them as proverbs and sayings to this day.

After treating the Mediterranean islands, he next takes the ocean littoral — to west, north, east and south successively — from Spain and Gaul round to India, from India to Persia, Arabia and Ethiopia ; and so again works back to Spain round South Africa.

Very few literary works of Achaemenid Persia have survived, due partly to the destruction of the library at Persepolis .< ref >

One can detect in the Ādāb as a whole certain ideas known to Sasanian Persia from pre-Islamic translations of Greek works.

Jean Chardin ( 16 November 1643 – 5 January 1713 ), born Jean-Baptiste Chardin, and also known as Sir John Chardin, was a French jeweller and traveller whose ten-volume book The Travels of Sir John Chardin is regarded as one of the finest works of early Western scholarship on Persia and the Near East.

These include sources relating to Christianity in Persia, monkish histories, the Vita Martini of Sulpicius Severus, the works of Hilarius, logoi of Eustathius of Antioch, the letter of Cyril of Jerusalem to Constantius concerning the miraculous vision of the cross, and Palladius.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr states: " Alwah ' Imadi is one of the most brilliant works of Suhrawardi in which the tales of ancient Persia and the wisdom of gnosis of antiquity in the context of the estoteric meaning of the Quran have been synthesized " ( pg 16 ).

He was the author of several valuable works regarded as authoritative, viz., Sketch of the Sikh ( 1812 ) A History of Persia ( 1815 ), Memoir of Central India ( 1823 ), Political History of India from 1784 to 1823 ( 1826 ), Sketches of Persia ( 1827 by A Traveller ) and Life of Lord Clive ( 1836 ).

Haug published a number of other works of considerable importance to the student of the literatures of ancient India and Persia.

He is one of the most remarkable poets, satirists and social critics of Iran ( Persia ), whose works have not received proper attention in the past.

Browne was in Persia, he was told that Mishkín-Qalam's works

Of two of his known works, however, his idealized portrait head of Plato was commissioned by Mithridates of Persia for the Academy of Athens, c. 370 BC, Of it and of an idealized portrait head of Sappho, later copies survive, if the number of surviving copies can be correlated to the fame of the commissions.

Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the Shah of Persia, Ismail, who was eager to promote Shi ' ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state.

Ezra is written to fit a schematic pattern in which the God of Israel inspires a king of Persia to commission a leader from the Jewish community to carry out a mission ; three successive leaders carry out three such missions, the first rebuilding the Temple, the second purifying the Jewish community, and the third sealing of the holy city itself behind a wall.

Historians such as Hobson, Sinopoli, and Juleff state that the original damascus was produced from ingots of wootz steel, which originated in India and Sri Lanka and later spread to Persia.

Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China.

This even applies to quatrains that contain specific dates, such as III. 77, which predicts ' in 1727, in October, the king of Persia be captured by those of Egypt ' — a prophecy that has, as ever, been interpreted retrospectively in the light of later events, in this case as though it presaged the known peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Persia of that year.

The Athenians, in response, reminded the Spartans of their record of military success and opposition to Persia, and warned them of the dangers of confronting such a powerful state, ultimately encouraging Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years ' Peace.

Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: " On Turks ' side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ?... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say.

A dayereh ( or doyra, dojra, dajre, doira, daire ) is a medium-sized frame drum with jingles used to accompany both popular and classical music in Iran ( Persia ), the Balkans, and many central Asian countries such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Dishes such as kaeng kari ( yellow curry ) and kaeng matsaman ( massaman curry ) are Thai adaptations of dishes originating in the cuisine of India and the cuisine of Persia.

The teachings of Kirmani in turn influenced philosophers such as Nasir Khusraw of Persia.

Ancient Persia ( modern day Iran ) as far back as the 6th millennium BCE, where barley was grown in areas where the natural rainfall was insufficient to support such a crop.

Leopards have been known to humans throughout history, and have featured in the art, mythology, and folklore of many countries where they have historically occurred, such as ancient Greece, Persia, and Rome, as well as some where they have not existed for several millennia, such as England.

In the years since the rise of the Islamic religion, many Jews living in Muslim countries were forced to convert to Islam, such as the Mashhad Jews of Persia, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually made an Aliyah ( return to Israel ).

After his death in 632, much of the expansion of the empire came through conquest, such as that of North Africa and later Spain ( Al-Andalus ), and the Islamic conquest of Persia putting an end to the Sassanid Empire and spreading the reach of Islam to as far East as Khorasan, which would later become the cradle of Islamic civilization during the Islamic Golden Age and a stepping-stone towards the introduction of Islam to the Turkic tribes living in and bordering the area.

Written between the 450s and 420s BC, the scope of Herodotus ' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th-century historical figures such as Darius I of Persia, Cambyses II and Psamtik III, and alludes to some 8th-century ones such as Candaules.

The Imperial Crown Jewels of Iran ( alternatively known as the Imperial Crown Jewels of Persia ) includes several elaborate Crowns and decorative Thrones, 30 tiaras and numerous aigrettes, a dozen jewel laden swords and shields, a vast amount of precious unset gemstones, numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems and several other more unique items, such as a gemstone globe, collected by the Iranian monarchy during its 2, 500 year existence.

Ancient states such as Persia and Greek city-states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient.

Further changes occurred in the connotations of barbari / barbaroi in Late Antiquity, when bishops and catholikoi were appointed to sees connected to cities among the " civilized " gentes barbaricae such as in Armenia or Persia, whereas bishops were appointed to supervise entire peoples among the less settled.

As to the development of non-religious knowledge and research in Persia and apart from historical evidence given on such traditions in the preceding Persian Empires, there are reports on systematic activities initiated by the Sasanian court as early as in the first decades of Sasanian rule.

One such example is when a prince of Persia had melancholia and suffered from the delusion that he is a cow, and who would moo like a cow crying " Kill me so that a good stew may be made of my flesh " and would never eat anything.

In the episode " Take This Poem and Call Me In The Morning ", he appeared as Omar, a slam poet who competes with fellow poet Sivad ( played by Saul Williams ) for the affection of Lynn Searcy ( played by Persia White ).

* Hossein Dehlavi – Suite of Bijan & Manijeh ( Based on National Epic of Persia Ferdowsi's ' Shahnameh ')

* Levy, Reuben ( translator ), The Epic of the Kings: Shah-Nama, the National Epic of Persia, ( Mazda Publications, 1996 ) ( abridged prose version )

In Persia, from the time of Darius the Great, Persian rulers used the title " King of Kings " ( Shahanshah in modern Iranian ) since they had dominion over peoples from India to Greece.

This sacrilege led the Babylonians to rebel in 484 BC and 482 BC, so that in contemporary Babylonian documents, Xerxes refused his father's title of King of Babylon, being named rather as King of Persia and Media, Great King, King of Kings ( Shahanshah ) and King of Nations ( i. e. of the world ).

The last shah of Persia, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially adopted the title شاهنشاه shâhanshâh ( literally King of Kings ) and, in western languages, the rendering as " Emperor ".

The name Shahanshah, meaning King of Kings, derived from the fact that there were many feudal kings in Sassanian Persia with the Shahanshah as the ruler of them all.

* Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia

This prose Shahnameh was in turn and for the most part the translation of a Pahlavi ( Middle Persian ) work, known as the X < sup > v </ sup > atāynamāk (" Book of Kings "), a late Sassanid compilation of the history of the kings and heroes of Persia from mythical times down to the reign of Khosrau II ( 590 – 628 ).

A major concern for Persia during this King's short reign were hostilities on the western borders with Macedonia under Kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great.

Father Étienne Souciet entered the field in defence of Fréret ; and in consequence of this controversy Newton was induced to prepare his larger work, which was published in 1728, after his death, and entitled The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended, to which is prefixed a short Chronicle from the First Memory of Kings in Europe to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great.

The allusions from Classical Antiquity included in the speech are to the Sacred Band of Thebes and the Persian Immortals — elite units of, respectively, the city state of Thebes and the Achaemenid Kings of Persia ; and to the Battle of Issus where Alexander the Great decisively defeated the latter.

* The Shāhanshāh of Iran ( King of Kings of Persia ), from Achaemenid and Sassanid origin.

The title " King of Kings " also expresses much the same concept as " high king " – it was used at various times by the Emperor of Persia ( shahanshah ) and the Emperor of Ethiopia.

The province of Kandahar continued under Mughals until the year 1559 when it passed into the hands of the Safavids Kings of Persia and remained under their control until 1595.