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In Peru and Rio de la Plata many powerful figures proposed an American Monarchy such as those who wanted an independent Peruvian king of the still alive Inca Royal House, and those who requested a Prince of the Spanish house of Bourbon to come and rule directly in Lima, Mexico City or Bogota, as the Portuguese House of Orleans-Braganza had done in Rio de Janeiro.
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Peru and Rio
The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to the central Amazon and southeastern Peru.
A war with Peru ( named the Cenepa War, after a river located in the area ) erupted in January – February 1995 in a small, remote region, where the boundary prescribed by the 1942 Rio Protocol was in dispute.
Ecuador continues to contest the boundary with Peru, which was established by the Rio Protocol of 1942 and ceded to Peru a large portion of territory east of the Andes.
The boundary dispute led to the Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru in early 1995 ; after a peace agreement brokered by the four Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ( Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and the United States ), the Military Observers Mission to Ecuador-Peru ( MOMEP ) was set up to monitor the zone.
Village along west bank of Rio Napo in Peru, a few miles above confluence with Amazon.
pt: Rio Tigre ( Peru )
In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital, Bogotá ), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital, Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
M. emarginata is originally from Yucatán, and can be found in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America as far south as Peru and the south east region in Brazil, and in the southernmost parts of the contiguous United States ( southern Florida and the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas ),.
S. aequifasciatus occurs in the Rio Solimões, Rio Amazonas and the Río Putumayo-Içá in Brazil, Colombia and Peru.
The American Revolution and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in the early 1810 – 20s, following the revolutions in the viceroyalties of New Spain, New Granada, Peru, and the Rio de la Plata ended the first era of European imperialism.
* The Rio Protocol of 1942, which temporarily settled a border war between Peru and Ecuador
Charcas had been part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and, later, part of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata.
The creation of Viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de la Plata ( at the expense of Peru's territory ) reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean trade to Buenos Aires, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
These movements led to the formation of the modern-day republics of Peru, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul, Acre, Roraima ) Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.
The Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, or Rio Protocol for short, was an international agreement signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on January 29, 1942, by the foreign ministers of Peru and Ecuador, with the participation of the United States, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina as guarantors.
On January 29, 1942, on the final day of the third Pan-American Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, the foreign ministers of Ecuador and Peru, Julio Tobar Donoso and Alfredo Solf y Muro, signed a " Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries ", known as the Rio de Janeiro Protocol.
Peru and de
* 1827 – José de la Mar becomes President of Peru.
Potosí in present-day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World.
Prieto and his adviser, Portales, feared the efforts of Bolivian general Andrés de Santa Cruz to unite with Peru against Chile.
Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, wrote of it:
In 1525 he joined the Pizarro brothers and Hernándo de Luque at Panama for the conquest of Peru.
However, Almagro's friendship with Pizarro showed signs of deterioration in 1526 when Pizarro, in the name of the rest of the conquistadors, called forth the " Capitulacion de Toledo " law in which King Charles I of Spain had laid out his authorization for the conquest of Peru and the awards every conquistador would receive from it.
Although by this time Diego de Almagro had already acquired sufficient wealth in the conquest of Peru and was living a luxurious life in Cuzco, the prospect of conquering the lands further south was very attractive to him.
This was the point at which the silver and gold treasure of Peru had to be landed and sent overland to the Caribbean Sea, where galleons from Spain would pick it up at the town of Nombre de Dios.
* 1817 – An army of 5, 423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, crosses the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru.
* 1821 – José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
The Marañón River (, ) rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5 degrees 36 ' southern latitude ; then it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the inland Andes, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows through the plains.
* Manú Province, a province of Peru, in the Madre de Dios Region
Pedrarias was a party to the agreement authorizing the expedition by conquistadors Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro that brought the European discovery and conquest of the Inca Empire ( present day Peru ).
But the remoteness of New Granada's capitol Santa Fe de Bogotá proved a greater obstacle than the Spanish crown anticipated as the authority of the new Viceroyalty was contested by the seniority, closer proximity, previous ties to the Viceroyalty of Peru in Lima and even Panama's own initiative.
He decided that Río de Solís might provide easier passage to the Pacific, and, eager to win the riches of Peru, he became the first European to explore that estuary.
Hoping he had found the route to the riches of Peru, Cabot renamed the river Río de la Plata, although today the name applies only to the estuary as far inland as the city of Buenos Aires.
Cabeza de Vaca tried to placate his enemies by launching an expedition into the Chaco in search of a route to Peru.
The exchange rate is set on a daily basis by the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú ( Central Reserve Bank of Peru ).
The technical regulator of communications in Peru is the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, through the Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones ( OSIPTEL ).
On May 20, 1929, the aviation divisions of the Peruvian army and navy were merged into the Peruvian Aviation Corps ( CAP, Cuerpo de Aviación del Peru ).
Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1949, and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991.
The Pongo de Manseriche is a gorge in northwest Peru.
However, the administrative and religious use of Quechua was terminated when it was banned from public use in Peru in the late 18th century in response to the Túpac Amaru II rebellion – even " loyal " pro-Catholic texts such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales were banned.
Peru and la
The oldest written records of the language are those of Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540, publishing his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú in 1560.
* The Congress of the Republic of Peru ( Spanish: Congreso de la República ) is the unicameral legislature of Peru.
* November 13 – Pedro de la Gasca, viceroy of Peru ( b. 1485 )
Control over the former Inca lands had been entrusted to Pedro de la Gasca by the Spanish king ( and Holy Roman Emperor ) Emperor Charles V. Gasca commanded Alonso de Mendoza to found a new city commemorating the end of the civil wars in Peru ; the city of La Paz was founded on October 20, 1548.
Simón Bolívar ( Greater Colombia, Peru, Bolivia ), José de San Martín ( United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Chile, and Peru ), and Bernardo O ' Higgins ( Chile ) led their independence struggle.
The Gran Colombia – Peru War of the north and the Cisplatine War ( between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ) ended in stalemates, although the latter resulted in the independence of Uruguay ( 1828 ).
* Professor Bernardo de la Paz is an intellectual and lifelong subversive shipped to Luna from Lima, Peru.
In Peru, tapioca is known as yuca and is eaten mostly boiled as a side dish in the Amazon and fried with Papa a la Huancaina sauce as a snack when drinking alcohol.
* Flores-Ochoa, Jorge and Abraham Valencia E., Rebeliones indigenas, quechuas y aymaras: homenaje al bicentenario de la rebelion campesina de Thupa Amaro, 1780-1980, Cuzco, Peru: Centro de Estudios Andinos Cuzco, 1980.
Haya de la Torre was able to return to Peru in 1954 and his party was again legalized in 1956.
Haya de la Torre advocated the overthrow of the land-owning oligarchies that had ruled Peru since colonial days, replacing them with an idealistic socialist elite.
*“ Víctor Haya de la Torre Is Dead ; Elder Statesman of Peru Was 84 ,” Obituary ( AP ), New York Times, August 4, 1979, 24.
The mestizo historian Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, son of Spanish conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega and of the Inca princess Isabel Chimpo Oclloun arrived in Spain from Peru.
As a result of his scientific work in Peru, he published ( Madrid, 1784 ) Relación histórica del viaje á la América Meridional, which contains a full, accurate, and clear description of the greater part of South America geographically, and of its inhabitants and natural history.
Upper Peru () was the region in the Viceroyalty of Peru, and after 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, comprising the governorships of Potosí, La Paz, Cochabamba, Chiquitos, Moxos and Charcas ( since renamed Sucre ).
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