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In Scandinavia the Viking age is considered to have ended with the establishment of royal authority in the Scandinavian countries and the establishment of Christianity as the dominant religion.
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Scandinavia and Viking
During the Viking Age, Birka ( Birca in medieval sources ), on the island of Björkö ( literally: " Birch Island ") in Sweden, was an important trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.
The archaeological sites of Birka and Hovgården, on the neighbouring island of Adelsö, make up an archaeological complex which illustrates the elaborate trading networks of Viking Scandinavia and their influence on the subsequent history of Europe.
The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars and the Viking expansion out of Scandinavia into Europe and the British Isles, as well as Greenland and Iceland.
The 19th century saw a surge of interest in Germanic paganism with the Viking revival in Victorian Britain and Scandinavia.
Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.
Although the concept of offering hospitality to the traveler dates back to early cultures ( notably ancient Greece: xenia and Viking Age Scandinavia ), the idea of applying it specifically to Esperanto speakers began in 1966 in Argentina when Ruben Feldman-Gonzalez started the Programo Pasporto.
Tug of war stories about heroic champions from Scandinavia and Germany circulate Western Europe where Viking warriors pull animal skins over open pits of fire in tests of strength and endurance in preparation for battle and plunder.
The expanding population of Scandinavia led to a shortage of available resources and arable land there and led to a period of Viking expansion, the Norse gradually shifting their attention from plundering to invasion.
Viking era towns of Scandinavia
Although another cause could well have been pressure caused by the Frankish expansion to the south of Scandinavia and their subsequent attacks upon the Viking peoples.
This period of Viking expansion – known as the Viking Age – forms a major part of the medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the rest of Medieval Europe.
The related Old Norse masculine noun víkingr appears in Viking Age skaldic poetry and on several rune stones found in Scandinavia, where it refers to a seaman or warrior who takes part in an expedition overseas.
Archaeology also provides the main source of evidence for circumstances in Scandinavia before the Viking Age.
The linguistic evidence from medieval and later records and Old Norse place-names in Scandinavia and elsewhere also provides a vital source of information for the social history of Viking Age Scandinavia and the Viking settlements overseas.
Good-quality written historical sources for Scandinavia during the Viking Period are scarce, but the archaeological record is rich.
Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions, such as the Kjula runestone which tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the Turinge Runestone which tells of a warband in Eastern Europe.
The runestones are important sources in the study of Norse society and early medieval Scandinavia, not only of the ' Viking ' segment of the population.
The word Viking appears on several runestones found in Scandinavia.
The Hemlanden cemetery located here is the largest Viking Period cemetery in Scandinavia.
In the 300 years from the late 8th century, when contemporary chroniclers first commented on the appearance of Viking raiders, to the end of the 11th century, Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes.
Scandinavia and age
Celsius conducted many geographical measurements for the Swedish General map, and was one of earliest to note that much of Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea level, a continuous process which has been occurring since the melting of the ice from the latest ice age.
Settled since the end of the last ice age, modern-day Scandinavia contains finds from the Stone age and Bronze age, such as rock carvings.
It was formed during the last ice age, the Weichselian glaciation, by several glacial depositions from Scandinavia.
In 1972, at the age of 6, Kropp's father took him up Galdhøpiggen, the highest peak in Norway and Scandinavia.
A child prodigy, he gave a debut recital in Warsaw at the age of 5, and a long series of concerts throughout Europe and Scandinavia, culminating in a series of concerts in America in 1887-88 that elicited comparisons with the young Mozart and the young Mendelssohn.
This particular objection has lost credence as it has become clear that this age limit was routinely ignored in Scandinavia at the time.
Proto-Sami walked in the ice age in Scandinavia.
At " scarcely thirty years of age ", William Widgery Thomas, Jr. said that Rydberg was " already acknowledged to be the foremost living prose writer of Scandinavia.
Universities and the printed book helped spread the spirit of the age through France, the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire, and then to Scandinavia and finally Britain by the late 16th century.
In June 1952, BT-Mitteilungen published Traven's " genuine " biography, in which it claimed that the writer had been born in the Midwestern United States to an immigrant family from Scandinavia, that he had never gone to school, had had to make his living from the age of seven and had come to Mexico as a ship boy on board a Dutch steamer when he was ten.
Geiger grew up in Landshut, Bavaria, showing an interest in Scandinavia and a talent in Scandinavian languages from an early age.
Due to the effects of post-glacial rebound, the whole of Scandinavia started to rise at a considerable rate out of the ocean after the end of the last ice age.
A Republican, Thomas found a love for the people of Scandinavia at an early age.
In Scandinavia, the time following the ice age begins at circa 9500 BC and is called at first the Yoldia Stage ( after the Yoldia Sea, then the Ancylus Stage, after the Ancylus Lake in turn named after Ancylus fluviatilis, a small fresh-water gastropod from this time.
Some have expanded this idea into a theory that the Goths originated in Germany and entered Scandinavia in the age of Germanic migration.
Bears from these populations spread to southern Scandinavia after the last ice age.
Scandinavia and is
The arctic fox has a circumpolar range, meaning that it is found throughout the entire Arctic, including the outer edges of Greenland, Russia, Canada, Alaska, and Svalbard, as well as in Subarctic and alpine areas, such as Iceland and mainland alpine Scandinavia.
The Porvoo Common Statement ( 1996 ), agreed to by the Anglican churches of the British Isles and most of the Lutheran churches of Scandinavia and the Baltic, also stated that " the continuity signified in the consecration of a bishop to episcopal ministry cannot be divorced from the continuity of life and witness of the diocese to which he is called.
The fourth book, Descriptio insularum Aquilonis, completed approximately in 1075, is about the geography, people and customs of Scandinavia, as well as updates of the progress of Christian missionaries there.
It is also the first known European record ( in chapter 38 ) that mentions Vinland ( Winland ) island ( insula ), a land centuries later possibly identified as Newfoundland, Canada, North America, as well as dog-headed people in Scandinavia.
An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia.
A blue law is a type of law, typically found in the United States, Scandinavia and, formerly, in Canada, designed to enforce religious standards, particularly the observance of Sunday as a day of worship or rest, and a restriction on Sunday shopping.
Beowulf (; in Old English or ) is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
Beowulf was written in England, but is set in Scandinavia.
Bandy is sometimes referred to as " winter football " or " football of the winter " in Scandinavia.
In the Netherlands, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Germany, Scandinavia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Catalonia, 26 December is celebrated as the Second Christmas Day.
Copenhagen Airport is the largest airport in Scandinavia, handling approximately 23m passengers per year ( 2011 ).
Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement that began in the 17th century and became an organized movement with the emergence around 1730 of the Methodists in England and the Pietists among Lutherans in Germany and Scandinavia.
Like the name of the group of gods to which Freyja belongs, the Vanir, the name Freyja is not attested outside of Scandinavia, as opposed to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is attested as a goddess common among all Germanic peoples, and whose name is reconstructed as Proto-Germanic * Frijjō.
The most important source is Jordanes ' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza ( Scandinavia ), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea.
However, Heather and other scholars are very skeptical of this hypothesis, claiming that there is no archaeological evidence for a substantial emigration from Scandinavia.
Hamburg is located on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, directly between Continental Europe to its south and Scandinavia to its north.
Hamlet-like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy, Spain, Scandinavia, Byzantium, and Arabia ) that the core " hero-as-fool " theme is possibly Indo-European in origin.
In Scandinavia, insanity is not a defense ; instead, it is the responsibility of the court system as such to consider whether the accused may have been psychotic or suffering from other severe mental defects when perpetrating the criminal act.
It is also available in the Scandinavia / British shop near to Berlaymont in Brussels.
Furthermore, in every EU country outside Scandinavia ( except Belgium ), trade union membership is either static or continues to decline .”
In parts of the United States, liqueurs may also be called cordials or schnapps, while in large parts of the British Commonwealth, cordial means a concentrated non-alcoholic fruit syrup that is diluted to taste and consumed as a non-carbonated soft drink, and in Germany and Scandinavia, schnapps means a form of brandy or aquavit.
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