Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty.

In the mid-1580s, war with Spain could no longer be avoided, and when Spain finally decided to attempt to conquer England in 1588, the failure of the Spanish Armada associated her with one of the greatest victories in English history.

Upon his failure, he landed undetected at the southern point of the Rock from present-day Morocco in his quest for Spain.

Charles IV's vacillation, culminating in his failure to honour the alliance by neglecting to enforce the Continental System led to Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, invading Spain in 1808, thereby triggering Spain's War of Independence.

In 1861 Napoleon III largely supported Maximilian in his claim to Mexico, a move that was also supported by Britain and Spain but condemned by the U. S. This led to the French intervention in Mexico, which turned out to be a failure.

He was also upset over the broken promise of filming Blood and Sand in Spain, and the failure to shoot the next proposed film in either Spain or at least New York.

He participated in the successful English defence against the Spanish Armada in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the English Armada against Spain in 1589.

In 1589, he took part in Francis Drake's English Armada, which sailed to Spain in an unsuccessful attempt to press home the English advantage following the defeat of the Spanish Armada ; the Queen had ordered him not to take part in the expedition, but he only returned upon the failure to take Lisbon.

He died of heart failure on 31 July 1993 in the Villa Astrida in Motril, in the south of Spain.

With the failure of that enterprise, he spent nine years in Spain.

Many early twentieth century regimes failed through political instability and / or the interventions of heads of state, notably King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy's failure to back his government when facing the threat posed by Benito Mussolini in 1922, or the support given by King Alfonso XIII of Spain to a prime minister using dictatorial powers in the 1920s.

Due to the Islands Union ( 1580 a 1640 ), the Dutch Republic ( which was dominated by Spain, but later became independent ) saw in Pernambuco the opportunity to strike Spain and to compensate for the loss due to the failure of Dutch management.

They were mainly clerical students at the universities of France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and England who protested the growing contradictions within the Church, such as the failure of the Crusades and financial abuses, expressing themselves through song, poetry and performance.

Napoleon, worried about what was happening in Spain and upset with the failure of the expedition of his forces, decided to come personally to the Peninsula in whose submission he had invested 300, 000 men.

He resigned along with Pitt in protest at the cabinet's failure to declare war on Spain.

From the late 1960s, he lived in Marbella, Spain where he died there at age 93, of heart failure.

Rome's failure to act more speedily on the diplomatic front allowed the war to expand into Gaul and Italy from Spain.

The diplomatic mission was a failure, both in Spain and in Britain.

In 1628, after the failure of the expedition to Rhe, he was sent to make a diversion against Cardinal Richelieu in Lorraine and Piedmont ; he counselled peace with Spain and the vigorous prosecution of the war with France, but on his return home found his advice neglected.

After Buckingham's dabblings in wars against Spain and France had ended in failure, he recalled Baltimore to court, and for a while may have considered employing him in the peace negotiations with Spain.

Braudel's work came to define a " second " era of Annales historiography and was very influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s, especially for his work on the Mediterranean region in the era of Philip II of Spain.

Barcelona (,, ) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1, 621, 537 within its administrative limits on a land area of.

Barcelona is the transport hub with one of Europe's principal ports, Barcelona international airport, which handles above 34 million passengers per year, extensive motorway network and also is a hub of high-speed rail, particularly that which is intended to link Spain with France and the rest of Europe as the second longest in the world.

Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialised and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war.

The world's second most popular drink was born in a collision between the United States and Spain.

He followed in the footsteps of compatriot Giampiero Combi ( 1934 ) as only the second goalkeeper to captain a World Cup-winning side ( later Iker Casillas repeated this feat for Spain in the 2010 World Cup ).

* 1635 – Mariana of Austria, second wife of king Philip IV of Spain ( d. 1696 )

Almost immediately after the order of Kotaka was placed, Fernando Villaamil, second officer of the Ministry of the Navy of Spain where he was put in charge of developing the concept of a new ship designed to combat torpedo boats, placed an order for a large torpedo gunboat in November 1885, with the British builder James and George Thompson, of Clydebank, not far from where the Yarrow shipyards would move from London 20 years later.

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

Under Ron Greenwood they managed to qualify for the 1982 World Cup in Spain ( the first time competitively since 1962 ), but were eliminated from a second qualifying round comprising further group matches without losing a game all tournament.

In 1512 under Ferdinand the Catholic as King of the first political unit referred to as Spain, joint Spanish troops from both the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon commanded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, second Duke of Alba, first invaded partially the Kingdom of Navarre.

Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and added a disculpatory preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.

The decline culminated in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of Spain to the status of a second rate western power, although it remained, with Russia, the leading colonial power of the 18th century.

This was the start of the second bourgeois revolution in Spain, which would last from 1820 to 1823.

In Spain proper, this marked the end of the second Spanish bourgeois revolution.

Amadeus of Savoy, the second son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, was selected and duly crowned King of Spain early the following year.

In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel ( 22 July ,) Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola.

By the baroque period, in Italy and Spain, more strings were added to allow for chromatic notes ; these were usually in a second line of strings.

:< BLOCKQUOTE > For almost a thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam.

Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration of Modernist works in Spain after Barcelona.

While the first is represented all over the rest of the country, the second, being represented only in this little part of Spain, is considered by some, especially in the mainland, to be foreign.

On December 23, 2011, the Spanish Government officially acknowledges for the first time to Wicca as a religion, Wicca Tradition Celtiberian register in the Register of religious bodies with the reference 2560-GS / A, being the first country for Spain Europe and the second in the world after U. S., to recognize her.

This milestone is also clear that Portugal is de facto the second country in Europe and third in the world after the U. S. and Spain, to legalize a Wiccan Religious Worship.

This period ’ s starting point is uncertain ; it may have begun in Spain in the spring of 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.