Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to France, Germany and America, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages.

Many Jews converted to Christianity, however, prejudice against Jewish converts persisted and led many of these former Jews to move to the New World ( see History of the Jews in Latin America ).

In this effort, precursors of the National Conference of Christians and Jews created teams consisting of a priest, a rabbi, and a minister, to run programs across the country, and fashion a more pluralistic America, no longer defined as a Christian land, but " one nurtured by three ennobling traditions: Protestantism, Catholicism and Judaism.

In the 1930s, " In the face of worldwide antisemitic efforts to stigmatize and destroy Judaism, influential Christians and Jews in America labored to uphold it, pushing Judaism from the margins of American religious life towards its very center.

Some hotels, resorts, and even cruise ships across America, Europe and Israel also undergo a thorough housecleaning to make their premises " kosher for Pesach " to cater to observant Jews.

The conflict between mutants and normal humans is often compared to real-world conflicts experienced by minority groups in America such as African Americans, Jews, Communists, the LGBT community, etc.

He sees people flee from Europe to settle in America ; that the Bible ( a record from the Jews ) would travel among the people ; that the people settling in America would drive the indigenous people out of the land ; that the settlers would overpower Europe ; the discovery and translation of the Book of Mormon ; and that the apostle John the Revelator would write concerning the final days.

Sephardim are Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal, where they lived for possibly as much as a millennia before being finally expelled in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs ( the Alhambra decree ); the Sephardic communities subsequently migrated to North Africa ( Maghreb ), Christian Europe ( Netherlands, Britain, France and Poland ), throughout the Ottoman Empire and even the newly discovered Latin America.

Reform Judaism ( North America ) has had a number of official platforms, but in contrast to rabbinic Judaism, rejects the view that Jews must have any specific beliefs.

In 1997, he narrated the documentary A Life Apart: Hasidism in America, about the various sects of Hasidic Orthodox Jews.

* Gurock, Jeffrey S. " From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America ," David W. Belin Lecture in American Jewish Affairs, University of Michigan, 2000.

Cosmopolitans & Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America, Univ.

Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that Charleston eventually was home to, by the beginning of the 19th century and until about 1830, the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America.

* Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880 – 2000 by Yaakov Ariel ( The University of North Carolina Press, 1999 ) ISBN 0-8078-2566-2

But Esther is also critical of the other Jews she meets in America.

Before 1946, he had headed the New York Board of Rabbis, the Jewish National Fund, and the Zionist Organization of America, and helped found the National Conference of Christians and Jews.

Most Bukharan Jews left Bukhara between 1925 and 2000 and settled in Israel and the United States of America.

He issued a fatwa in America that declared lawful the robbing of banks and killing of Jews in America.

To the other extreme, some Modern Orthodox Jews understand Hirsch in the sense of Torah Umadda, meaning a synthesis of Torah knowledge and secular knowledge-each for its own sake ( this view is propagated in several articles in Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Thought, published by the Rabbinical Council of America ).

; 1492: The Alhambra Decree: Approximately 200, 000 Jews are expelled from Spain, The expelled Jews relocate to the Netherlands, Turkey, Arab lands, and Judea ; some eventually go to South and Central America.

" Theologian and author Arthur A. Cohen, in The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition, questioned the theological validity of the Judeo-Christian concept and suggested that it was essentially an invention of American politics, while Jacob Neusner, in Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition, writes, " The two faiths stand for different people talking about different things to different people.

Although he had introduced the pseudo-scientific racial component into the debate over Jews in Germany, it is unlikely that he was influenced by the earlier theories of Arthur de Gobineau ( author of An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, 1853 ), who was only translated into German in 1898, a quarter of a century after Marr's pamphlet appeared.

In Arthur Marx's biography Goldwyn: A Biography of the Man Behind the Myth ( 1976 ), Marx states that Samuel Goldwyn offered Schulberg money to not have it published, because Goldwyn felt that the author was " doublecrossing the Jews " and perpetuating an anti-Semitic stereotype by making Sammy Glick so venal.

Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as " New Christians ", and they were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed ; this was later extended to end in 1534 .< Ref > Arthur Benveniste.

* Arthur Green, Ger Hasidic Dynasty, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe

From left to right are the three Christians, Charlemagne bearing an eagle upon his shield, King Arthur displaying three crowns and Godfrey of Bouillon with a dog lying before him, then the three pagans, Julius Caesar, Hector and Alexander the Great bearing a griffon upon the his shield, and lastly the three Jews, David holding a sceptre, Joshua and Judas Maccabeus.

The Nine Worthies include three good pagans: Hector, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, three good Jews: Joshua, David and Judas Maccabeus, and three good Christians: King Arthur, Charlemagne and Godfrey of Bouillon.

*" Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius ", by Louis Arthur Norton

Known for his profanity, Ruggles was also anti-semitic ; for example, he wrote to Henry Cowell about, " that filthy bunch of Juilliard Jews ... cheap, without dignity, and with little or no talent ," especially picking on Arthur Berger.

Two Jews, Arthur Meyer in Le Gaulois and G. Pollonnais in Le Soir, also took part in this concert.

Despite this, traditional discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by racial antisemitism, encouraged by the work of racial theorists such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau and particularly his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race of 1853 – 5.

Singer, author of Arthur Godfrey: The Adventures of an American Broadcaster ( 2000 ), rejects this accusation, citing Godfrey's good personal relations with a number of Jews in the entertainment industry, including his longtime announcer Tony Marvin.

Neo-Hasidism is a name frequently given to the significant revival of interest in Hasidic Judaism on the part of non-Orthodox Jews in different decades due to the writings of non-Orthodox teachers of Hasidic Judaism like Martin Buber, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Lawrence Kushner, Zalman Schachter-Shalomi and Arthur Green.

While the movement spanned a broad spectrum of spiritual proclivities, some Jews in the founding circles, like Arthur Waskow, Arthur Green, and Michael Lerner, under the combined influence of Heschel and Schachter-Shalomi, took up the project of further exploring Hasidism and recasting it in an American idiom.

It also includes such people as rabbis Michael Lerner and Arthur Waskow: religiously devout and culturally identified Jews.

In 1843 Wolff went to Bukhara ( home of the Bukharan Jews ) to seek two British officers, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Stoddart and Captain Arthur Conolly who had been captured by the Emir, Nasrullah Khan in June 1842.

Arthur and his wife were Orthodox Jews.

Arthur Ruppin, writing in the late 19th century, when forcible measures were taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, showed that the growth of the Jewish population in Germany had almost entirely ceased, owing to a falling birth rate and, possibly, to emigration.

Local LDS leader Arthur Zander was a fervent member of the Nazi Party, even to the extent of affixing notices to the church door stating " Jews not welcome " beginning in 1938.

Middle class members of the community were already beginning to move up the Main towards Sherbrooke and Prince Arthur Streets, while further north, a small number of well-off Jews lived near McGill University.

* The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History ( Columbia University Press, 1997 ), by Arthur Hertzberg, ISBN 0-231-10841-9

Poale Zion was active in Britain during World War I, under the leadership of J Pomeranz and Morris Meyer, and influential on the British labour movement, including on the drafting ( by Sidney Webb and Arthur Henderson ) of the Labour Party ’ s War Aims Memorandum, recognising the ' right of return ' of Jews to Palestine, a document which preceded the Balfour Declaration by three months.

The Thirteenth Tribe ( 1976 ) is a book by Arthur Koestler, which advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people.