In the case of a president and assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as cohabitation.

Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals ; the latter situation is known in France as cohabitation.

The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of the ruling cabinet and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called cohabitation.

Such a situation, where the President is forced to work with a prime minister who is an opponent is called a cohabitation.

Often series in the genre start with the male lead encountering the female lead either by pure chance or by an unusual event, after which the female lead somehow becomes bound or otherwise dependent upon him, often forcing a situation of cohabitation.

He was faced with a difficult economic situation but he did not want to make the political errors of the previous cohabitation government.

While a number of presidential democracies, such as the United States, have seen power shared between a president and legislature of different political parties, this situation ( known as " divided government ") is distinct from cohabitation.

In a situation of divided government, the executive is directed by a president of one party while the legislature is controlled by another party ; in cohabitation, by contrast, executive power is divided between a president of one party and a cabinet of government ministers of another party.

More specifically, cohabitation refers to a political situation which can occur in countries with a semi-presidential system ( especially France ), where the president and the prime minister belong to opposed political camps.

The literature on second demographic transition argues as well that highly educated women are more prone to engage in cohabitation, although the reasons are different: they are less concerned with respecting the societal norms.

When the opposition controls the National Assembly ( and thus government funding and most legislation ), the President is in effect forced to choose a Prime Minister from the opposition ; in such cases, known as cohabitation, the government controls internal state policy, with the President restricted largely to foreign affairs.

The Socialist Party ( PS ), joined by other parties on the left, soundly defeated Chirac's conservative allies, forcing Chirac into a new period of cohabitation with Jospin as prime minister ( 1997 – 2002 ), which lasted five years.

While cohabitation has been shown to be associated with higher divorce rates, a study indicates that divorce-prone couples tend to first cohabit, and not that cohabitation by itself increases the likelihood of divorce.

During the last four years of his cohabitation with Locke, Eastwood had an intermittent, hidden affair with flight attendant Jacelyn Reeves.

A total of 34 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the 1986 elections ( the only legislative elections held under proportional representation ), which were won by the right wing, bringing Jacques Chirac to Matignon in the first cohabitation government ( that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand ).

For the first time in the Fifth Republic, a left-wing President was forced to compose with a right-wing Prime minister, leading to the first cohabitation.

The tradition in periods of " cohabitation " ( a President of one party, prime minister of another ) is for the President to exercise the primary role in foreign and security policy, with the dominant role in domestic policy falling to the prime minister and his government.

He hoped to become prime minister of France during the first " cohabitation " ( 1986 – 88 ) or after the reelection of Mitterrand with the theme of " France united ", but he was not chosen for this position.

Heechee relationships do not generally feature couple cohabitation for lengthy periods as with human marriages.

This was part of a larger pattern of royal protection, as laws were promulgated to protect their property, forbid attempts to reconvert them, and regulate the behavior of the conversos themselves, preventing their cohabitation or even dining with Jews, lest they convert back.

To most modern historians, Willard is overtly identified as a lesbian, while contemporary and slightly later accounts merely described her relationships, and her pattern of long-term domestic cohabitation with women, and allowed readers to draw their own conclusions.

: While bishops at Nicaea were deliberating about this, some thought that a law ought to be passed enacting that bishops and presbyters, deacons and subdeacons, should hold no intercourse with the wife they had espoused before they entered the priesthood ; but Paphnutius, the confessor, stood up and testified against this proposition ; he said that marriage was honorable and chaste, and that cohabitation with their own wives was chastity, and advised the Synod not to frame such a law, for it would be difficult to bear, and might serve as an occasion of incontinence to them and their wives ; and he reminded them, that according to the ancient tradition of the church, those who were unmarried when they took part in the communion of sacred orders, were required to remain so, but that those who were married, were not to put away their wives.

In 888, two local councils, that of Metz and that of Mainz, prohibited cohabitation even with wives living in continence.

In 1986, being the leader of the main party of the new parliamentary majority and accepting the principle of the " cohabitation " with President Mitterrand ( contrary to Barre ), Chirac became again Prime Minister.

Focused on winning the 1986 legislative election, Chirac, unlike Barre, accepted the principle of " cohabitation " with President Mitterrand.

Issues commonly associated with the men's rights movement include marriage, cohabitation, parentage, job discrimination, divorce, support agreements, and child support.

One study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology involved several hundreds of women and found that " women with a short period of cohabitation ( less than 4 months ) who used barrier methods for contraception had a substantially elevated risk for the development of pre-eclampsia compared with women with more than 12 months of cohabitation before conception ".

A more recent Iwasawa study has shown that there has been a recent emergence of non-marital cohabitation.

When the RPR / UDF coalition won the 1993 legislative election, Chirac declined to become Prime Minister again in a second " cohabitation " with President Mitterrand, and Balladur became Prime Minister.

During the first cohabitation, from 1986 to 1988, he served as Minister of Civil Service, then, during the second, from 1993 to 1995, as Minister of Housing.

The cohabitation period ended in March 2006, when a pro-presidential coalition won enough seats in National Assembly elections to form and head a new government.

The latter might lead to a " cohabitation " where a president and his government belonging to different parties or coalitions.

Although many commentators were surprised at the time, and considered it to be an institutional crisis, some claiming the Fifth Republic could not accommodate itself of such rivalry at the head of the state, cohabitation repeated itself after the 1993 elections, when the RPR again won the elections, and then after the 1997 elections, when the Socialist Party won, leading to the constitution of Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government while Chirac was only at the beginning of his first presidential term.

Jospin served as Prime Minister during France's third " cohabitation " government under President Jacques Chirac from 1997 to 2002.

PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in the 1995 presidential election against Rally for the Republic leader Jacques Chirac, but became prime minister in a cohabitation government after the 1997 parliamentary elections, a position Jospin held until 2002, when he was again defeated in the presidential election.

In another election held in January 1995, an opposition alliance, primarily composed of the MNSD and the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism ( PNDS ), won a majority of seats, resulting in cohabitation between the government, led by Amadou, and President Mahamane Ousmane.

A member of the Neo-Gaullist Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) party, he was the theoretician behind the " cohabitation government " from 1986 to 1988, explaining that if the right won the legislative election, it could govern with Chirac as Prime Minister without Socialist Party President François Mitterrand's resignation.

The cohabitation did not last long, however, as funds were withheld from the Palestinian Authority and hostilities between Fatah and Hamas broke out in December 2006, leading to the appointment of a caretaker government led by Salam Fayyad on June 14, 2007.

This came during a period when the French government was upheld thanks to a cohabitation between left and right parties.

He was Interior Minister from 1986 to 1988, under Jacques Chirac's cohabitation government, and also from 1993 to 1995, under the government of Edouard Balladur.

In the meantime, despite several disagreements, Garzón has managed to achieve a degree of cohabitation with the central government, cooperating on several local issues without compromising his own principles.

The opposition's victory in the election led to cohabitation between President Ousmane and a government, backed by a parliamentary majority, that opposed him ; the result was political deadlock.