The formal study of eyewitness memory is usually undertaken within the broader category of cognitive processes — the different ways in which we make sense of the world around us.

Another study looked at informational social influence in eyewitness identification.

A later study by the same authors found that frequent CSI viewers may place a lower value on circumstantial evidence, but their viewership had no influence on their evaluation of eyewitness testimony or their tendency to convict in cases with multiple types of evidence.

According to a study of West African drought based on Ghanaian lake sediments ( not eyewitness historical accounts ) published in the journal Science in April 2009:

The study of eyewitness testimony is an important field of study used, among other purposes, to evaluate testimony in courts.

This is done by acquiring local weather reports, radar and satellite images, and eyewitness accounts.

The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice in order to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.

The phrase ' advanced composites ' in FRP construction may indicate the addition of carbon fibre, kevlar ( tm ) or other similar materials, but it may also indicate other methods designed to introduce less expensive and, by at least one yacht surveyor's eyewitness accounts, less structurally sound materials.

The Babylonian Talmud was the first attempt to attach authors to the holy books: each book, according to the authors of the Talmud, was written by a prophet, and each prophet was an eyewitness of the events described, and Joshua himself wrote " the book that bears his name ".

A new research by Benjamin Radford concluded that the description given by the original eyewitness in Puerto Rico, Madelyne Tolentino, was based on the creature Sil in the science-fiction horror film Species.

Rosenberg published Niflaos Maharal: Ha Golem Al Prague ( Wonders of the Maharal: The Golem of Prague ) ( Warsaw, 1909 ) which purported to be an eyewitness account by the Maharal's son-in-law, who had helped to create the Golem.

For many reasons scholars today believe otherwise — for example, the gospel is based on Mark, and " it seems unlikely that an eyewitness of Jesus's ministry, such as Matthew, would need to rely on others for information about it "— and believe instead that it was written between about 80 – 90 AD by a highly educated Jew ( an " Israelite ", in the language of the gospel itself ), intimately familiar with the technical aspects of Jewish law, standing on the boundary between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values.

A detailed but spurious account of Ignatius ' arrest and his travails and martyrdom is the material of the Martyrium Ignatii which is presented as being an eyewitness account for the church of Antioch, and as if written by Ignatius ' companions, Philo of Cilicia, deacon at Tarsus, and Rheus Agathopus, a Syrian.

Written by the only living student of both Wittgenstein and Popper, an eyewitness to the famous " poker " incident described above ( Edmunds & Eidinow ).

Inside that synagogue's ruins was discovered a rectangular stone, which had on its surface, among other ornate carvings, a depiction of the seven-branched menorah differing markedly from the depiction on the Arch of Titus, probably carved by an eyewitness to the actual menorah present at the time in the Temple at Jerusalem.

The Tempest is considered by most Shakespearean scholars to have been written in 1610 – 11 and inspired by published and unpublished contemporary descriptions of the 1609 Sea Venture shipwreck on the island of Bermuda, and most especially William Strachey's eyewitness report, A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight because of certain verbal, plot and thematic similarities.

The Liberators, by Viktor Suvorov, is an eyewitness description of the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, from the point of view of a Soviet tank commander.

The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by white adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign.

According to the Epistle itself, it was composed by the Apostle Peter, an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry.

The first book produced by Taxil after his conversion was a four-volume history of Freemasonry, which contained fictitious eyewitness verifications of their participation in Satanism.

Several factors, such as the date, time, aircraft size, airline, eyewitness accounts, and location in New York, raised concerns that the crash was caused by another terrorist attack.

According to accounts left by the monk Gervase of Canterbury and eyewitness Edward Grim, they placed their weapons under a tree outside the cathedral and hid their mail armour under cloaks before entering to challenge Becket.

Described in detail by eyewitness Thomé Lopes and chronicler Gaspar Correia as one that is unequalled in cold-blooded cruelty, da Gama looted the ship with over 400 pilgrims on board including 50 women, locked in the passengers, the owner and an ambassador from Egypt and burnt them to death.

In 1836 Eduard Poeppig documented a statement by a local physician in Pará, known only as Dr. Lacerda, who offered an eyewitness account of a case where a candiru had entered a human orifice.

Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City ; from indigenous bark paper codices ; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo ; And especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.

* Telegraph Days ( 2006 ), a novel by Larry McMurtry, includes a representation of the gunfight, told by a fictional journalist and eyewitness

Aside from these, thereafter there is no eyewitness to events in Jerusalem until William of Tyre, archbishop of Tyre and chancellor of Jerusalem, who began writing around 1167 and died around 1184, although he includes much information about the First Crusade and the intervening years from the death of Fulcher to his own time, drawn mainly from the writings of Albert of Aix and Fulcher himself.

Busbecq, who claims to have received an account from an eyewitness, describes Mustafa's final moments.

"< REF NAME =" MADIGAN "/> But, eyewitness accounts and testimony from the survivors confirmed that on the morning of June 1, the planes dropped incendiary bombs and fired rifles at black residents on the ground .< REF NAME =" MADIGAN "/>

Police lineups, where the eyewitness picks out a suspect from a group of people in the police station, are often grossly suggestive, and give the false impression that the witness remembered the suspect.

According to Light, at that time Tom McLaury was already struggling away from the fight, although other eyewitness accounts placed Tom's movement later.

An eyewitness report from the day recalls him riding a mule with hands tied behind his back and a rope around his neck.

There was a pause of uncertain length ( eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes ), after which the soldiers fired into the crowd.

Wace's reference to oral tradition within his own family suggests that his account of the preparations for the Conquest and of the Battle of Hastings may have been reliant not only on documentary evidence but also on eyewitness testimony from close relations — though no eyewitnesses would have been still alive when he began work on the text.

There are several eyewitness accounts from members of the Sonderkommando.

While the police raiding party was composed in part of Temporary Cadets from Depot Company and commanded by an Auxiliary officer, Major Mills, eyewitness reports make it clear that ' Black and Tans ' did most of the shooting at Croke Park.

The final piece of evidence, which rules out air attack upon the attacking German tanks, comes from eyewitness testimony.

Publishers were bribed, critics accused of running secret campaigns to further other nations ' colonial ambitions, and eyewitness reports from missionaries such as William Henry Sheppard dismissed as attempts by Protestants to smear honest Roman Catholic priests.

On 24 July Bangor's Daily News reported – based on an eyewitness account that was probably from Peter Reich – that rain began to fall on the evening of 6 July and into the next morning.

However, in the absence of eyewitness reports from multiple observers at multiple locations on Earth for the same event, these must be regarded with caution.

Jourdan was saved from certain execution when an eyewitness, Representative-on-mission Ernest Joseph Duquesnoy rose and contradicted Carnot's version of events at Wattignies.

Villehardouin's account is generally read alongside that of Robert of Clari, a French knight of low station, Niketas Choniates, a high-ranking Byzantine official and historian who gives an eyewitness account, and Gunther of Pairis, a Cistercian monk who tells the story from the perspective of Abbot Martin who accompanied the Crusaders.