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In a meta-analysis of the effects of music therapy for children and adolescents with psychopathology, Gold, Voracek, and Wigram ( 2004 ) looked at 10 previous studies conducted between 1970 and 1998 to examine the overall efficacy of music therapy on children and adolescents with psychopathology, which can be broken down into three distinct categories: behavioral disorders, emotional disorders, and developmental disorders.
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meta-analysis and effects
No other atypical studied ( risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone ) did better than the typical perphenazine on the measures used, nor did they produce fewer adverse effects than the typical antipsychotic perphenazine ( a result supported by a meta-analysis by Dr. Leucht published in Lancet ), although more patients discontinued perphenazine owing to extrapyramidal effects compared to the atypical agents ( 8 % vs. 2 % to 4 %, P = 0. 002 ).
This meta-analysis found that long-term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition, with visuospatial memory being the most commonly detected impairment.
Personality and attitudinal effects have shown greater predictability, with meta-analysis of parapsychological databases showing the sheep-goat effect, and other traits, to have significant and reliable effects over the accumulated data.
Stanley conducted a similar meta-analysis of 64 U. S. studies on dis-employment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger's initial claim of publication bias is still correct.
However, a 2007 meta-analysis concluded that " pair programming is not uniformly beneficial or effective " because many other factors besides the choice of whether to use pair programming have large effects on the outcome of a programming task.
Masters and Spielmans have conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of distant intercessory prayer, but detected no discernible effects.
" This finding tended to confirm an earlier meta-analysis of the nutritional effects of saturated fat in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition which found " rospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease or cardiovascular disease.
Additionally, a recent meta-analysis covering 11 randomized controlled clinical trials found positive effects of niacin alone or in combination on all cardiovascular events and on atherosclerosis evolution.
In a 2005 meta-analysis and systematic review of six randomized controlled trials of osteopathic manipulative treatment ( OMT ) that involved blinded assessments of lower back pain in ambulatory settings, it was concluded that OMT significantly reduces low back pain, and that the level of pain reduction is greater than expected from placebo effects alone and persists for at least three months.
A 2004 meta-analysis of the studies on trifluoperazine found that it is more likely than placebo to cause extrapyramidal side effects such as akathisia, dystonia, and Parkinsonism.
) re-analysed the same data from the 2001 meta-analysis and concluded that the placebo effects for objective symptom measures are comparable to placebo effects for subjective ones and that the placebo effect can exceed the effect of the active treatment by 20 % for disorders amenable to the placebo effect, a conclusion which Hróbjartsson & Gøtzsche described as " powerful spin ".
In 1998, a meta-analysis of published antidepressant trials found that 75 % of the effectiveness of anti-depressant medication is due to the placebo effect and other non-specific effects, rather than the treatment itself.
Although a number or scholars and managers have expressed fears that employee careers might suffer and workplace relationships be damaged because of telecommuting, the meta-analysis finds that there are no generally detrimental effects on the quality of workplace relationships and career outcomes.
However, reliance on clinical trials can be misleading indications of real-world adverse effects – for example, the statin cerivastatin was withdrawn from the market in 2001 due to cases of rhabdomyolysis ( muscle breakdown ), although rhabdomyolysis did not occur in a meta-analysis of cerivastatin clinical trials.
A meta-analysis of the effects of calculators on students ' achievement and attitude levels in precollege mathematics classes.
In 2002, a meta-analysis of 60 studies was published in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, finding significant positive effects of treatment when compared to normals over a number of diagnoses ; finding these effects to be similar to best recommended rival therapies ; and finding positive additional effects by patients, such as their perceived quality of life.
According to a meta-analysis in the Cochrane Collaboration, two large trials in Russia and Shanghai found no beneficial effects of screening by breast self-examination " but do suggest increased harm in terms of increased numbers of benign lesions identified and an increased number of biopsies performed.
A meta-analysis found that DBT reached moderate effects.
meta-analysis and music
The results of the meta-analysis found that “ music therapy with these clients has a highly significant, medium to large effect on clinically relevant outcomes .” More specifically, music therapy was most effective on subjects with mixed diagnoses.
A meta-analysis found that playing music improves patient tolerability of the procedure.
meta-analysis and therapy
A 1996 meta-analysis studying hypnosis combined with cognitive-behavioural therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using CBT alone.
A 2003 meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that spinal manipulation was " more effective than sham therapy but was no more or less effective than general practitioner care, analgesics, physical therapy, exercise, or back school " in the treatment of low back pain.
Later, meta-analyses including data from unpublished trials found that the overall difference between drug and placebo is not clinically significant except in cases of very extreme depression, Another meta-analysis found that 79 % of depressed patients receiving placebo remained well ( for 12 weeks after an initial 6 – 8 weeks of successful therapy ) compared to 93 % of those receiving antidepressants.
A meta-analysis suggested that elevating the head of the bed is an effective therapy, although this conclusion was only supported by nonrandomized studies.
* Acupuncture: A Cochrane review concluded that acupuncture " do not appear to help smokers who are trying to quit ", a meta-analysis from the 2008 Guideline showed no difference between acupuncture and placebo, and the 2008 Guideline found no scientific studies supporting laser therapy based on acupuncture principles but without the needles ..
A meta-analysis of 35 studies shows cognitive behavioral therapy to be more effective in the long term than pharmacologic treatment ( drugs such as SSRIs ), and while both treatments reduce anxiety, CBT is more effective in reducing depression.
For Glioblastoma Multiforme, a 2008 meta-analysis showed that Temozolomide is an effective treatment for " prolonging survival and delaying progression as part of primary therapy without impacting on QoL and with a low incidence of early adverse events.
A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that " for patients suffering from non-seasonal depression, light therapy offers modest though promising antidepressive efficacy.
" A more recent meta-analysis from Journal of Affective Disorders confirms this and is even more hopeful: " Overall, bright light therapy is an excellent candidate for inclusion into the therapeutic inventory available for the treatment of nonseasonal depression today, as adjuvant therapy to antidepressant medication, or eventually as stand-alone treatment for specific subgroups of depressed patients.
Observational studies included in the meta-analysis that were conducted prior to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996 demonstrated a statistically significant protective effect for circumcised MSM against HIV infection.
In a 2007 meta-analysis, RAND researchers concluded that higher copayments were associated with lower rates of drug treatment, worse adherence among existing users, and more frequent discontinuation of therapy.
The larger the effect size in a meta-analysis, the more evidence there is to support a claim or therapy.
meta-analysis and for
A recent meta-analysis suggests that the verbal system has greater engagement for abstract concepts when the perceptual system is more engaged for processing of concrete concepts.
A meta-analysis of research literature by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 found that many factors, such as intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure, contribute to the degree of one's political conservatism.
Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as the systematic review of medical literature, meta-analysis, risk-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ), EBM aims for the ideal that healthcare professionals should make " conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence " in their everyday practice.
In a meta-analysis, effect sizes that represent, for example, the differences between treatment groups in a set of similar experiments, are averaged to obtain a single aggregate value representing the best estimate of the effect of treatment.
By selecting the best quality and most suitable research designs for meta-analysis they narrowed their focus down to 57 controlled trials.
In fact, their analysis of treatment designs concluded that expansion of the meta-analysis to include non-randomized trials for this data base would also produce reliable results.
Higher quality for complex tasks costs higher effort, reduced duration for simpler tasks comes with noticeably lower quality – the meta-analysis " suggests that pair programming is not uniformly beneficial or effective ".
For instance, a meta-analysis from 2009 failed to show a link for cervical cancer.
This meta-analysis demonstrated a large effect size ( high efficacy relative to the mean in terms of the standard deviation ) for ECT versus placebo, and versus antidepressant drugs.
There is clear evidence for the effectiveness of group psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis of 48 studies showed an overall effect size of 1. 03, which is clinically highly significant.
Similarly, a meta-analysis of five studies of group psychotherapy for adult sexual abuse survivors showed moderate to strong effect sizes, and there is also good evidence for effectiveness with chronic traumatic stress in war veterans.
A meta-analysis of 48 studies showed childhood gender nonconformity to be the strongest predictor of a homosexual orientation for both men and women.
More generally there are other differences between the studies that need to be allowed for, but the general aim of a meta-analysis is to more powerfully estimate the true effect size as opposed to a less precise effect size derived in a single study under a given single set of assumptions and conditions.
Here it is convenient to follow the terminology used by the Cochrane Collaboration, and use " meta-analysis " to refer to statistical methods of combining evidence, leaving other aspects of ' research synthesis ' or ' evidence synthesis ', such as combining information from qualitative studies, for the more general context of systematic reviews.
Explores two contrasting views: does meta-analysis provide " objective, quantitative methods for combining evidence from separate but similar studies " or merely " statistical tricks which make unjustified assumptions in producing oversimplified generalisations out of a complex of disparate studies "?
Varying coefficient meta-analysis methods for alpha reliability, Psychological Methods, 15, 368 – 385.
* MIX 2. 0 Professional Excel addin with Ribbon interface for meta-analysis and effect size conversions in Excel ( free and commercial versions ).
* The Meta-Analysis Calculator free on-line tool for conducting a meta-analysis
* Revman A free software for meta-analysis and preparation of cochrane protocols and review available from the Cochrane Collaboration
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