Drugs are researched for their physiochemical properties, physical side effects, and psychological side effects.

In brief, this technique makes use of the Stark effect ( or electrochromism ) either to reveal information about the physiochemical or physical properties of a sample using a well-characterized electric field or to reveal information about an electric field using a reference sample with a well-characterized Stark effect.

Wetland hydrology is associated with the spatial and temporal dispersion, flow, and physiochemical attributes of surface and ground water in its reservoirs.

Polymer degradation involves several complex and often poorly-understood physiochemical processes.

Also, contraction, as well as relaxation, can be induced by a number of physiochemical agents ( e. g., hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters-particularly from the autonomic nervous system ).

Further chemistry and analysis is necessary, first to identify and " triage " compounds that do not provide series displaying suitable SAR and chemical characteristics associated with long-term potential for development, then to improve remaining hit series with regard to the desired primary activity, as well as secondary activities and physiochemical properties such that the agent will be useful when administered in real patients.

In principle, retrodialysis can be performed using either the analyte itself ( retrodialysis by drug ) or a reference compound ( retrodialysis by calibrator ) that closely resembles both the physiochemical and the biological properties of the analyte.

A non-synonymous substitution results in a change in amino acid that may be arbitrarily further classified as conservative ( change to an amino acid with similar physiochemical properties ), semi-conservative ( e. g. negative to positively charged amino acid ), or radical ( vastly different amino acid ).

A study performed in the temperate forests of southern Argentina showed a mutualistic seed dispersal relationship between D. gliroides and Tristerix corymbosus, also known as the Loranthacous mistletoe.

In a study designed to clarify relationships between the well-sequenced and well-studied model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and the basal angiosperms such as Amborella, Nuphar of the Nymphaeaceae, Illicium, the monocots, and more derived angiosperms, the eudicots, scientists examined the chloroplast genomes and expressed sequence tags of these organisms, and other seed plants to create this cladogram.

In a laboratory study 4 eastern towhees used this method to successfully obtain seed buried almost 1 inch ( 2. 25 cm ) deep.

Rather than a Friendly AI being designed directly by human programmers, it is to be designed by a seed AI programmed to first study human nature and then produce the AI which humanity would want, given sufficient time and insight to arrive at a satisfactory answer.

A 1993 study supports the claim that grape seed oil increases high-density lipoprotein ( HDL-C or " good cholesterol ") levels and reduces LDL levels.

From a study in 2006, the short-eared possum ( Trichosurus caninus ) was shown to disperse the seed of A. bidwillii.

The study showed that seed size was not a determinant of post dispersal seed survival.

A 2011 study suggest that airplanes may produce ice particles by freezing cloud droplets that cool as they flow around the tips of propellers, over wings or over jet aircraft, and thereby unintentionally seed clouds.

A study by J. C. Motta-Junior and K. Martins found that the maned wolf is probably an important seed disperser.

Hot pepper in bird seed and suet has also been shown to be effective against squirrels without harming birds, according to a 1999 Cornell study by Curtis, Rowland & Dunn.

Banister matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he could see and study the American plants grown from seed in the Oxford Physic Garden under the care of Dr. Robert Morison.

' The finding of a current study indicates that some inherently gluten-free grains, seed, and flours not labeled gluten-free are contaminated with gluten.

In Antiquity the area had no town, but the grove was the site of one of the most famous of Roman cults and temples: that of Diana Nemorensis, a study of which served as the seed for Sir James Frazer's seminal work on the anthropology of religion, The Golden Bough.

Meik Skoss, who has viewed the scroll, wrote, “ One of the phrases on the scroll is very interesting, ‘ each of these pictures is the seed for a hundred techniques ; study them well .’”

A 2012 laboratory study showed that grape seed extract killed head and neck cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

In antiquity the area had no town, but the grove was the site of one of the most famous of Roman cults and temples: that of Diana Nemorensis, a study of which served as the seed for Sir James Frazer's seminal work on the anthropology of religion, The Golden Bough.

The Forest Decline Project at the University of Vermont published a study in 1991 citing acid rain as a culprit of the reduced seed production and germination.

In one three-armed study lasting 16 weeks, 200 overweight and obese subjects were given a mixture of psyllium seed husks ( 3g ) and glucomannan ( 1g ) twice daily, the same mixture 3 times daily, or a placebo.

A recent study suggests that its alcoholic seed extract contains anticancer compounds that could be used pharmaceutically.

Now a good choice of clones can be made to efficiently sequence the clones to determine the DNA sequence of the organism under study ( seed picking ).

This study showed a high level of natural regeneration of indigenous trees within pine plantations most likely due to the use of these plantations by seed dispersing animals such as redtail monkeys, chimpanzees, duikers, and bushpigs, all of which were sited or tracked within the plantations.

The study has revealed a few such proteins, the most promising of which has been dubbed EspC ; it elicits a very strong immune reaction, and is specific to M. tuberculosis.

* Neurochemistry – study of neurochemicals ; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids ; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.

The short wavelength of these matter waves makes them ideally suited to study the atomic crystal structure of solids and large molecules like proteins.

During the period of Crick's study of X-ray diffraction, researchers in the Cambridge lab were attempting to determine the most stable helical conformation of amino acid chains in proteins ( the α helix ).

For example, the identity of proteins of the immune system ( e. g. antibodies ), and the mechanism by which they recognize and bind to foreign antigens would remain very obscure if not for the extensive use of in vitro work to isolate the proteins, identify the cells and genes that produce them, study the physical properties of their interaction with antigens, and identify how those interactions lead to cellular signals that activate other components of the immune system.

The antibodies are then coupled chemically to a fluorophore and used to trace the proteins in the cells under study.

Genetically modified cells or organisms directly express the fluorescently-tagged proteins, which enables the study of the function of the original protein in vivo.

Importantly, as interactions between proteins are reversible, and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form aggregates that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function, study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function, and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types.

The study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell.

The total complement of proteins present at a time in a cell or cell type is known as its proteome, and the study of such large-scale data sets defines the field of proteomics, named by analogy to the related field of genomics.

The difficulty in purifying proteins in large quantities made them very difficult for early protein biochemists to study.

Proteomics, the study of the proteome, has largely been practiced through the separation of proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis.

The symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction of the host's body to mite proteins, though exactly which proteins remains a topic of study.

More is known about the tertiary structural features of soluble globular proteins than about membrane proteins because the latter class is extremely difficult to study using these methods.

A 2002 study suggests another possible mechanism, involving activational and translational regulation of functional proteins in the brain.

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.

have identified 1504 yeast proteins in a proteomics experiment of which only 858 were found in a similar previous study.

Further, the previous study identified 607 proteins that were not found by Peng et al.

For proteomic study, more recent techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization ( MALDI ) have been employed for rapid determination of proteins in particular mixtures and increasingly electrospray ionization ( ESI ).