In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into inductively coupled plasma.

For solid materials, a breakdown event severely degrades, or even destroys, its insulating capability.

At the elevated temperature and pressure conditions chemically reactive constituents of the lubricant react with the contact surface forming a highly resistant tenacious layer, or film on the moving solid surfaces ( boundary film ) which is capable of supporting the load and major wear or breakdown is avoided.

In electrical engineering, partial discharge ( PD ) is a localised dielectric breakdown of a small portion of a solid or fluid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress, which does not bridge the space between two conductors.

Protracted partial discharge can erode solid insulation and eventually lead to breakdown of insulation.

PD can also occur along the surface of solid insulating materials if the surface tangential electric field is high enough to cause a breakdown along the insulator surface.

A high energy pulse focused in a gas or on a solid surface surrounded by gas produces breakdown of the gas ( usually air ).

Electrical breakdown is often associated with the failure of solid or liquid insulating materials used inside high voltage transformers or capacitors in the electricity distribution grid.

Dielectric breakdown within a solid insulator can permanently change its appearance and properties.

The mass breakdown of these metabolic parameters is as follows: 0. 84 kg of oxygen, 0. 62 kg of food, and 3. 52 kg of water consumed, converted through the body's physiological processes to 0. 11 kg of solid wastes, 3. 87 kg of liquid wastes, and 1. 00 kg of carbon dioxide produced.

Other solid compounds experience dissolution as a breakdown of their crystal lattice, and due to their polarity, or non-polarity, mix with the solvent.

In 1839, A. E. Becquerel reported observation of a voltage between a solid and a liquid electrolyte when struck by light, the photovoltaic effect.

DC is often used where low hum is required but because of the high current at low voltage in the heater circuit, DC power was not viable until the advent of low cost solid state rectifiers and appropriate large capacitance filter capacitors.

Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft ; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.

Trapped space charges within solid dielectrics are often a contributing factor leading to dielectric failure within high voltage power cables and capacitors.

However in both tube and solid state amps matching output transformers are required for public address applications where low-loss high impedance / high voltage lines are used to connect multiple distant loudspeakers.

The solid rocket motor ignition commands are issued when the three Space Shuttle Main Engines ( SSMEs ) are at or above 90-percent rated thrust, no SSME fail and / or SRB ignition Pyrotechnic Initiator Controller ( PIC ) low voltage is indicated and there are no holds from the Launch Processing System ( LPS ).

To start the engine a 500V AC voltage was applied to the SPGG, which ignited the solid propellant.

These liquid resistors overcome many of the problems experienced by more-conventional solid resistive materials, which have a tendency to lower their resistance over time under high voltage conditions.

Before solid state AC voltage regulation was available or cost effective, motor generator sets were used to provide a variable AC voltage.

The earliest sets used a shunt vacuum tube regulator, but the introduction of solid state sets employed a simpler voltage dependant resistor.

Plug in solid state modules were used for voltage and power control including monitoring wheelslip and monitoring engine temperature.

High voltage power cables with solid insulation are shielded to protect the cable insulation and also people and equipment.

Controllers have been improved to exploit quantum solid state power switching device improvements in terms of voltage and current ratings and switching frequency over the past six decades.

Today, with the developments in solid state electronics ( thyristors and IGBTs ), most cars have switching power supplies which take any RIC voltage ( 1. 0 – 3. 0 kV DC or 16 ⅔ / 50 Hz ) and can supply all the needed lower voltages.

At Stanford custom integrated circuits were developed including the silicon retina and the drivers for the bimorphs, since they required a higher voltage than normal for solid state circuits at that time.

A 50 % voltage dertaing is recommended and generally accepted as the industry standard ; e. g.: A 50V solid tantalum capacitor should never be exposed to an actual application voltage above 25V.

Thor Hanover ( Adios-Trustful Hanover ) is a wonderful looking prospect and another good individual, with solid, rugged conformation, good, flat bone and excellent feet.

With a large and circumspect 20th-Century technique, he wove the materials of national heroes and events, national folklore and children's fairy tales -- Slavic dances and love songs -- into a solid musical literature which served his people well, and is providing much enjoyment to the World at large.

That he mastered every aspect of his medium according to his own great talents and contemporary judgments, is a good and solid symbol of his people under the tremendous pressures of proclaiming and practising the rigors of a new culture ; ;

This result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet, although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence.

The received radiation is compared with the radiation from a hypothetical black body which subtends the same solid angle as the visible disk of the planet.

A very fine, gray solid ( about 15 g ) is formed, water-washed by centrifugation, and dried at 110-degrees-C ).

A solid immunity is the one effective circumstance whereby attack by a specific agent can be neutralized.

It must be remembered, however, that there are many agents for which there is no solid immunity and a partial or low-grade immunity may be broken by an appropriate dose of agent.

That is, they used opaque color throughout, getting solid highlights with active lime white.

So far these remarks, like most criticisms of Hardy, have tacitly assumed that his poetry is all of a piece, one solid mass of verse expressing a sensibility at a single stage of development.

The Plus Two remain at a fixed position with drums and guitar but the quartet covers the stage with a batch of instruments ranging from tuba to tambourine, and the beat is solid.

Paul Paray, rounding out his current stint with the orchestra, is a solid musician, and the Philharmonic plays for him.

Kid Ory, the trombonist chicken farmer, is also one of the solid anchor points of jazz.

Scientists assume that cholesterol ( from the Greek chole, meaning bile, and sterios, meaning solid ) is somehow necessary for the formation of brain cells, since it accounts for about 2% of the brain's total solid weight.

One example is the Banach – Tarski paradox which says that it is possible to decompose (" carve up ") the 3-dimensional solid unit ball into finitely many pieces and, using only rotations and translations, reassemble the pieces into two solid balls each with the same volume as the original.

Argon is colorless, odorless, and nontoxic as a solid, liquid, and gas.

Astatine is sometimes described as being a black solid ( assuming that it follows this trend ), or as having a metallic appearance ( if it is a metalloid or a metal ).

The crystalline structure of solid astatine is unknown.

An alloy is a mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements.