The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia.

* Flat organization: DARPA avoids hierarchy, essentially operating at only two management levels to ensure the free and rapid flow of information and ideas, and rapid decision-making.

The organizational development theorist Elliott Jacques identified a special role for hierarchy in his concept of requisite organization.

Under Mongol occupation, for example, Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy, postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization.

His viewpoint is that science can only progress by outlining what questions are unanswerable and by using models that do not attempt to explain everything in terms of smaller hierarchical levels of organization, but instead model them on the scale of the system itself, taking into account some ( but not all ) factors from levels both higher and lower in the hierarchy.

By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members ; according to one member, Khaled Mohieddine, " nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser.

3 ( 1899 – 1903 ), for example, exhibit a conservative clarity of tonal organization typical of Brahms and Mahler, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed hierarchy of key relationships.

" Once a metric hierarchy has been established, we, as listeners, will maintain that organization as long as minimal evidence is present " ( Lester 1986, 77 ).

A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads other individual members of the organization.

The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization.

The higher one's position in the hierarchy, the greater one's presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization.

This was a result of the use which Cartwright had made of his position ; he criticised the hierarchy and constitution of the Church of England, which he compared unfavourably with the primitive Christian organization.

The Dilbert principle, by contrast, assumes that hierarchy just serves as a means for removing the incompetent to " higher " positions where they will be unable to cause damage to the workflow, assuming that the upper echelons of an organization have little relevance to its actual production, and that the majority of real, productive work in a company is done by people lower in the power ladder.

Townsend describes very little in the way of social hierarchy or organization within this culture, though he does convey a definite sense of community.

As church president, Taylor oversaw the expansion of the Salt Lake community, the further organization of the church hierarchy, the establishment of Mormon colonies in Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona as well as in the Canadian province of Alberta and the Mexican state of Chihuahua, and the defense of plural marriage against increasing opposition.

# Control Hierarchy-A program structure that represents the organization of a program component and implies a hierarchy of control.

# Decision making in a healthy organization is located where the information sources are, rather than in a particular role or level of hierarchy.

The ' classic ' view of Information systems found in the textbooks of the 1980s was of a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually transaction processing systems at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by management information systems, decision support systems and ending with executive information systems at the top.

Of note, the organization provides indirect assistance to the Boy Scouts of America's Railroading Merit Badge program by encouraging members ( through a hierarchy of National and Regional volunteer Boy Scout Coordinators ) to become Railroading Merit Badge Counselors.

The Portland Cacophony have taken calling themselves PDX Cacophony Stumptown Lodge, in the fashion of a fraternal organization, but there are no dues, no roll call, and no hierarchy.

* Murder to obtain or maintain membership or to advance position in the hierarchy of an organization, association, gang or identifiable group

The ideology of the Führerprinzip sees each organization as a hierarchy of leaders, where every leader ( Führer, in German ) has absolute responsibility in his own area, demands absolute obedience from those below him and answers only to his superiors.

The authorities allowed private corporations to keep their internal organization, but with a simple renaming from hierarchy to Führerprinzip.

These additional slack resources, required to reduce information processing in the hierarchy, represent an additional cost to the organization.

The husband is usually a well-educated professional, preoccupied with his job -- often an organization man whose motto for getting ahead is: `` Don't rock the boat ''.

Kindreds are usually grassroots groups which may or may not be affiliated with a national organization such as the Ásatrú Alliance, or The Troth, rather than the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly or the Odinic Rite.

In an organization with voting members, e. g., a professional society, the board acts on behalf of, and is subordinate to, the organization's full assembly, which usually chooses the members of the board.

* Chief Knowledge Officer or CKO – the CKO is responsible for managing intellectual capital and the custodian of Knowledge Management practices, usually in a legal organization

Expos usually include company or organization booths where products and technologies are demonstrated ; talks and lectures ; and general mixing of people with common interests.

Community service is usually performed in connection with a nonprofit organization, but it may also be undertaken under the auspices of government, one or more businesses, or by individuals.

In the case of most home users, the Internet service provider to which the machine connects will usually supply this DNS server: such a user will either have configured that server's address manually or allowed DHCP to set it ; however, where systems administrators have configured systems to use their own DNS servers, their DNS resolvers point to separately maintained nameservers of the organization.

The access to information and other resources is usually based on the individuals function ( role ) in the organization or the tasks the individual must perform.

* Directors and officers liability insurance ( D & O ) protects an organization ( usually a corporation ) from costs associated with litigation resulting from errors made by directors and officers for which they are liable.

Journalists usually rely on top management to create and maintain a " firewall " between the news and other departments in a news organization to prevent undue influence on the news department.

If motivation does not take place in an organization, then employees may not contribute to the other functions ( which are usually set by top-level management ).

A Papal Nuncio ( officially known as an Apostolic Nuncio ) is a permanent diplomatic representative ( head of diplomatic mission ) of the Holy See to a state or international organization ( e. g., the Arab League ), having the rank of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, usually with the ecclesiastical rank of titular archbishop.

They are usually assigned by the Network Management / NOC personnel and agreed upon within an organization to be unique ( to that organization and based on geographical location using country code telephone prefixes ) and are required before any operational connectivity is established at the commissioning stage.

A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions.

When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization ( usually sponsored by a national government ), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used.

A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office.

# Asset sale privatization-selling an entire organization ( or part of it ) to a strategic investor, usually by auction or by using the Treuhand model

There are also local and regional sub-groups, usually called " households ", which are not part of the Society's formal organization, the largest of which is the Mongol Empire-themed Great Dark Horde.

It is a formal organization where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products.

Ponies also compete in show jumping competitions in many countries, usually in classes limited to youth riders, defined as those under the age of 16 or 18 years, depending on the sanctioning organization.

In the United States, some of these clubs usually also have a component club organization that is a tax exempt, 501 ( c )( 3 ) non-profit organization.

Examples in English are the verbal nouns formed from verbs by the addition of-ing, nouns formed from verbs using other suffixes such as organization and discovery, agent nouns formed from verbs usually with the suffix-er or-or, as in actor and worker, feminine forms of nouns such as actress, lioness, nouns formed from adjectives such as happiness, and many other types.