Steward is notable for moving anthropology away from this more particularist approach and developing a more nomothetic, social-scientific direction.

The term ' magical thinking ' in anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science refers to causal reasoning often involving associative thinking, such as the perceived ability of the mind to affect the physical world ( see the philosophical problem of mental causation ) or correlation mistaken for materialist causation.

Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.

In this system, a person ( called Ego in anthropology ) refers to all females of his parent's generation as " Mother " and all of the males as " Father ".

In archaeology and anthropology, the term, excarnation ( also known as Defleshing ), refers to the burial practice of removing the flesh and organs of the dead, leaving only the bones.

Windschuttle refers to accounts by the French zoologist François Péron ( who is credited with the first use of the term anthropology ), by George Augustus Robinson in his journals, and by the early Australian writer James Bonwick, of the violence and cruelty with which many Tasmanian Aboriginal men were observed to treat women.

However, within the fields of linguistics, folkloristics, and anthropology, ethnopoetics refers to a particular method of analyzing the linguistic features and syntactical structures of oral literature ( such as poetry, myths, narratives, folk tales, ceremonial speeches, etc.

This distinction seems counter-intuitive to American law students today because we are predisposed to assume that " common law " refers exclusively to a jurisdiction's local rules, while assuming in turn that domains previously accounted for as natural law are governed by the social sciences ( e. g. sociology, anthropology, economics, game theory, cognitive science ).

Coeval is a term used in anthropology to refer to the attribute of being both contemporary and simultaneous or synchronous ; while " simultaneous " or " synchronous " means " taking place at the same time " and " contemporary " means " being of the same era ," the term " coeval " refers to both attributes.

In the fields of anthropology, sociology, and psychology, symbolic system refers to a system of interconnected symbolic meanings.

In anthropology, refugia often refers specifically to Last Glacial Maximum refugia, where some ancestral human populations may have been forced back to glacial refugia, similar small isolated pockets in the face of the continental ice sheets during the last ice age.

Dart refers to the Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith ( 1871 – 1937 ), a specialist concerning anthropology.

The first use of the term " anthropology " in English to refer to a natural science of humanity was apparently in 1593, the first of the " logies " to be coined.

Dr. Gillian Tett, a Cambridge University trained anthropologist who went on to become a senior editor at the Financial Times is one of the leaders in this use of anthropology.

Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state.

Chemists can use isotope analysis to assist analysts with issues in anthropology, archeology, food chemistry, forensics, geology, and a host of other questions of physical science.

These linguists argue that the concept of a Language Acquisition Device ( LAD ) is unsupported by evolutionary anthropology, which tends to show a gradual adaptation of the human brain and vocal cords to the use of language, rather than a sudden appearance of a complete set of binary parameters delineating the whole spectrum of possible grammars ever to have existed and ever to exist.

Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Southern California, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees probably means that early humans used wooden spears as well, perhaps, five million years ago.

Certain scholarly fields, such as anthropology and biology, have adapted the term " tradition ," defining it more precisely than its conventional use in order to facilitate scholarly discourse.

Despite recent changes in the field of anthropology and a shift in Taiwanese government ( Republic of China ) objectives, the Gaoshan and Pingpu labels in use today maintain the form given by the Qing to reflect aborigines ' acculturation to Han culture.

However anthropology today focuses more on the study of urban settings and the use of kinship charts is seldom employed.

But even though many sub-fields and theoretical perspectives within sociology use ethnographic methods, ethnography is not the sine qua non of the discipline, as it is in cultural anthropology.

They use cross-cultural anthropological studies to set the general background, narrow in on the history and society of first-century Palestine, and use textual analysis ( along with more anthropology and history ) to focus on Jesus himself.

It is a branch of anthropology that originated from the endeavor to document endangered languages, and has grown over the past 100 years to encompass almost any aspect of language structure and use.

The second, known as " linguistic anthropology ," engages in theoretical studies of language use.

While Friedman is an advocate of globalization, he also points out ( in The Lexus and the Olive Tree ) the need for a country to preserve its local traditions, a process he termed ' glocalization ', although the term was already in use by most social anthropology theorists.

A2M – A2OGM – abasiophilia – ABC strategy – aberration – abortifacient – abortion – abortion pill – abruptio placentae – abstinence – abstinence movement – abstinence, be faithful, use a condom – abstinence-only sex education – abstinence-plus sex education – acault – acceleration of physical development – accessory breast – acmegenesis – acomoclitism – acquaintance rape – acrosomal reaction – acrosome – acrotomophilia – act of union – ACTH – acupressure – Adam's apple – addiction – adelphic polyandry – adelphogamy – adipophilia – adolescence – adolescent gynecomastia – adrenal cortex – adrenal gland – adrenocortical hormone – adrenogenital syndrome – adult service provider – adultery – adulthood – affinity ( canon law ) – afterbirth – agalmatophilia – agape – age disparity in sexual relationships – age of consent – aging and sexuality – agonophilia – agony aunt – AIDS – AIDS in Africa – AIDS in Asia – AIDS in India – AIDS in Latin America – AIDS in the United States – AIDS test – Alberta Eugenics Board – albutophilia – algolagnia – algophilia – alienation of affections – alimony – alley catting – alliance theory – allure – altocalciphilia – amateur pornography – ambiguous genitalia – ambisexual – ambisexuality – amelotasis – amelotatist – amenorrhea – amenorrhoea – American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists – amoebiasis – amor lesbicus – ampallang piercing – ampulla of ductus deferens – ampulla of uterine tube – amputation fetish – amputee fetishism – amputeeism – amputees – amygdala – anabolic steroid – anaclitism – anal beads – anal bleaching – anal cancer – anal contraction – anal insert – anal intercourse – anal jewelry – anal masturbation – anal orgasm – anal penetration – anal sex – anal sphincter – anal stage – anal stretching – anal wart – anal wink – analinctus – analingus – analism – Ananga Ranga – anasteemaphilia – anasyrma – anatomy – Ancient Roman marriage – Androcur – androgen – androgen ablation – androgen antagonist – androgen insensitivity syndrome – androgen replacement therapy – androgen suppression – androgen-induced hermaphroditism – androgyne – androgynophilia – androgynous – androgyny – androidism – andrology – andromania – Andromeda – andromimesis – andromimetic – andromimetophilia – andropause – androphilia – androphobia – androstenedione – androstenone – anejaculation – anerotic – anesthesia fetishism – anhedonia – anililagnia – anilinctus – anilingus – anima – animal marriage – animal transformation fantasy – animus – anisonogamist – Annual Review of Sex Research – annulment – anocutaneous reflex – anonymous sex – anorexia nervosa – anorgasmia – anorgasmic – anovulation – anovulatory – antaphrodisiac – anterior commissure of labia – anthropology – anthropomorphic cartoons – anthropomorphism – anthropophagy – Anthropophyteia – anti-marriage law ( disambiguation ) – anti-miscegenation law – anti-pornography movement – anti-prostitution movement – antiandrogen – anticipatory sororate – anus – apadravya piercing – apartment wrestling – aphallia – aphrodisiac – apodysophilia – apophasis – aposthia – apotemnophilia – appendix of the epididymis – appendix testis – aquaphilia – Arab marriage customs – arab strap ( sexual device ) – Archives of Sexual Behavior – Areoi – areola – areola mammae – arranged marriage – Ars Amatoria – artificial birth control – artificial insemination – artificial insemination by donor – artificial vagina – asceticism – asexual – asexuality – asian fetish – aspermatism – aspermia – asphyxiaphilia – asphyxiophilia – ass to mouth – assortative mating – Astroglide – atonement – attachment disorder – attachment insecurity – attraction to disability – atypical gender role – auctions – auspicious wedding date – autagonistophilia – autassassinophilia – autoabasiophilia – autoagonistophilia – autoassassinophilia – autoerotic – autoerotic asphyxia – autoerotic death – autoerotic fatalities – autoerotica – autoeroticism – autofellatio – autoflagellation – autogynephilia – autogynephilic – automasochism – automonosexualism – autonepiophilia – autonomic nervous system – autopederasty – autophilia – autosadism – autosexuality – aversion therapy – avisodomy – avunculocal residence – axillary intercourse – axillism – axon – azoospermia –

OD is a lifelong, built-in mechanism to improve immunity of organization's health to renew itself inclusive principles, often with the assistance of a change agent or catalyst and the use of enabling appropriate theories and techniques from applied behavioral sciences, anthropology, sociology, and phenomenology.

This article reflects the long-standing use of the term in anthropology, which is usually considered to refer to the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated ( see below ).

Archaeologists use theoretical guidelines derived from anthropology, ethnology, analogy, and ethnohistory to the concept of what defines a state-level society.

This strongly overlaps the field of linguistic anthropology, which is the branch of anthropology that studies humans through the languages that they use.

During the 1920s and 1930s, though, members of the school of cultural anthropology of Franz Boas began to use anthropometric approaches to discredit the concept of fixed biological race.

According to Ahmed S. Akbar, participant observation has its roots in anthropology and its use as a methodology can be attributed to Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī ( 973-1048 ), a Persian anthropologist who carried out extensive, personal investigations of the peoples, customs and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

In the social sciences, particularly in sociology, social anthropology and psychology, the use of one or other type of method can be a matter of controversy and even ideology, with particular schools of thought within each discipline favouring one type of method and pouring scorn on to the other.

As an attempt to use neoclassical theory to analyze subjects outside of its traditional purview, formalist economic anthropology can be linked with new institutional economics.

Through his decisive influence on Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes, among others, Jakobson became a pivotal figure in the adaptation of structural analysis to disciplines beyond linguistics, including anthropology and literary theory ; this generalization of Saussurean methods, known as " structuralism ", became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States.

His approach was a major influence on the American anthropology in the first half of the 20th century, and marked a retreat from high-level generalization and " systems building ".

Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions, in part because many French writers influential in anthropology have been trained or held faculty positions in sociology, philosophy, or other fields rather than in anthropology.

Much of the distinct character of France's anthropology today is a result of the fact that most anthropology is carried out in nationally funded research laboratories ( CNRS ) rather than academic departments in universities

Dasein, then, is not intended as a way of conducting a philosophical anthropology, but is rather understood by Heidegger to be the condition of possibility for anything like a philosophical anthropology.

The terminological shift draws attention to the field's grounding in anthropology rather than in what, by that time, had already become an autonomous discipline ( linguistics ).

Boas and his students understood anthropology to be an historical, or human science, in that it involves subjects ( anthropologists ) studying other subjects ( humans and their activities ), rather than subjects studying objects ( such as rocks or stars ).

This time he falls for Honor Klein, Anderson's half-sister, who is a lecturer in anthropology at Cambridge, a woman who, on seeing her for the first time, he remembers finding rather repulsive.

Veblen saw the need for taking account of cultural variation in his approach ; no universal " human nature " could possibly be invoked to explain the variety of norms and behaviors that the new science of anthropology showed to be the rule, rather than the exception.

The influential medieval philosopher Maimonides maintained a skeptical ambiguity towards creation ex nihilo and considered the stories about Adam more as " philosophical anthropology, rather than as historical stories whose protagonist is the ' first man '.

Many anthropologists that studied with the Cherokees like James Adair tried to connect these groups to the Lost Tribes of Israel based on religious practices including going to water, but this form of historiography is mostly Christian or Mormon " wish fulfillment " rather than respectable anthropology.

The force of these critiques led to a general unease with the concept of " speech communities " because of the many contradictory connotations of the term, and because of the general turn in anthropology towards looking at social organization in terms of hierarchy and power relations rather than studying social coherence and the construction of shared norms.

However, a wider definition of the term anthrobotics has been proposed, in which the meaning is derived from anthropology rather than anthropomorphic.

Showalter does not advocate replacing psychoanalysis, for example, with cultural anthropology ; rather, she suggests that approaching women ’ s writing from a cultural perspective is one among many valid perspectives that will uncover female traditions.

It also provided an extra dimension between the studies of social psychology, sociology, and social anthropology — focusing more on individual interaction and thinking within groups, rather than just large social group / societal behaviour.

She used anthropology and psychoanalysis to support her thesis that male Greek culture spoke of the mind as mainly " female " and receptive rather than " male " and active.

These revisions and related critiques of environmental anthropology undertook to take into account the temporal and spatial dimensions of history and cultures, rather than continuing to view populations as static.

Later maps of the 1930s through 1960s brought the colors portrayed into line with the accepted definitions of the various races at that time according to physical anthropology ( rather than simple external skin color alone as in this 1920 map ) and one later map classified North African s, Middle Easterner s, the Iranian peoples, and South Asians as being white, Turkish peoples as being yellow, and restricted the brown category to those now called Austronesian s, who were termed the Malayan race.

From 1960 to 1964 he took Arts and Sciences at the University of Saskatchewan, but enrolled in courses that were of interest to him rather than part of any formal curriculum, including anthropology, psychology, geology and writing.

Rogers articulated ideas about race that were informed by anthropology and biology, rather than social convention.