In his work on the cosmological systems of antiquity, the Dutch Renaissance humanist Gerardus Vossius deals extensively with Caelus and his duality as both a god and a place that the other gods inhabit.

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

Although The Histories were often criticized in antiquity for bias, inaccuracy and plagiarism — Lucian of Samosata attacked Herodotus as a liar in Verae Historiae and went as far as to deny him a place among the famous on the Island of the Blessed — modern historians and philosophers take a more positive view of Herodotus's methodology, especially those searching for a paradigm of objective historical writing.

The Cymean historian Ephorus held the same view, and the idea gained support in antiquity on the strength of a false etymology which derived his name from ho mḕ horṓn (: " he who does not see ").

Nevertheless, around that time early 16th century Polish geographer Maciej of Miechów in his influential Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis ( 1517 ) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at all, challenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquity, popular during the Renaissance.

* April 26 – Ascent of Mount Ventoux by the Italian poet Petrarch: he claims to be the first since classical antiquity to climb a mountain for the view.

The chicken's " cultural and culinary dominance " could be considered amazing to some in view of its believed domestic origin and purpose and it has " inspired contributions to culture, art, cuisine, science and religion " from antiquity to the present.

A skilled writer and orator, Coluccio drew heavily upon the classical tradition and developed a powerful prose style based on the Latin of Virgil and Cicero: " I have always believed ," Salutati wrote " I must imitate antiquity not simply to reproduce it, but in order to produce something new " In this sense his own view of humanism was broader-based than the antiquarianism of the generation of humanists he fostered.

To this end, Martin Jan Mulder suggests that prophecy fulfillment was the primary hermeneutical method because Roman society had a high view of both antiquity and oracles.

In Ellwood's view, Eliade was aware that the " golden age " of antiquity was no longer accessible to secular man, that it could be recalled but not re-established.

Cappel's second important work, Critica sacra, went further, and was controversial from a theological point of view ; having dismissed the antiquity of the vowel points, he now held, based on the various readings in the text and the differences between the ancient versions and the Masoretic text, that the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was susceptible to change, corruption, and human interference, which amounted to an attack on the verbal inspiration of Scripture.

The Geatish Society, or Gothic League ( Götiska Förbundet ) was created by a number of Swedish poets and authors in 1811, as a social club for literary studies among academics in Sweden with a view to raising the moral tone of society through contemplating Scandinavian antiquity ( EB 1911 ).

The interior of Trajan's Column is hollow: entered by a small doorway at one side of the base, a spiral stair of 185 steps gives access to the platform above, having offered the visitor in antiquity a view over the surrounding Trajan's forum ; 43 window slits illuminate the ascent.

Perhaps beginning with early Silk Road trade, the Eurasian view of history seeks establishing genetic, cultural, and linguistic links between European, African and Asian cultures of antiquity.

In view of the general tradition of antiquity, that both treatises were the work of Menander, it is possible that the author of the second was not identical with the Menander mentioned by the Suda ; since the name is of frequent occurrence in later Greek literature.

Although from a modern perspective the vase painters are often considered as artists, and their vases thus as works of art, this view is not consistent with that held in antiquity.

In antiquity, Plato's works were largely acclaimed ; still, some commentators had another view.

The Regalia, by his Majesty's special command, have been brought forth from their place of concealment in 1818, and exposed to the view of the people, by whom they must be looked upon with deep associations ; and, in this very winter of 1828 – 9, Mons Meg has been restored to the country, where that, which in every other place or situation was a mere mass of rusty iron, becomes once more a curious monument of antiquity " Notes to Rob Roy, Sir Walter Scott.

In 1826 he went to London, chiefly with a view to studying the Elgin Marbles and other remains of antiquity in the British Museum, and became acquainted with the principal archaeologists of England.

The former, retrospective view of perfection had antecedents in antiquity: Hesiod and Ovid had described a " golden age " that had existed at the beginning of time, and which had been succeeded by silver, copper and Iron Ages, each inferior to the previous.

This source claims multiple authorities of antiquity, not merely Papias ; this is taken as evidence against the view that the testimony of the Fathers is based solely upon the witness of Papias.

The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with some influences from the ancient Orient, prevailed throughout classical antiquity as the basis of art, philosophy, society, and educational ideals.

Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the Egyptians and in India and Austria.

Although the properties of sugar had been known in India in antiquity, it was not traded as a sweetener until industrial-scale production developed in the 6th century.

Deciphering of the Brahmi script by James Prinsep in 1788 enabled the reading of ancient inscriptions in India and established the antiquity of Jainism.

Since antiquity in various parts of the world, and since the 17th century in England, it had been known that citrus fruit had an antiscorbutic effect, when John Woodall ( 1570 – 1643 ), an English military surgeon of the British East India Company recommended them but their use did not become widespread.

Eastern Christianity comprises the Christian traditions and churches that developed in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, Horn of Africa, India and parts of the Far East over several centuries of religious antiquity.

Demographic thoughts can be traced back to antiquity, and are present in many civilisations and cultures, like Ancient Greece, Rome, India and China.

The Koh-I-Noor Diamond, mined in India in antiquity, is now set in the Crown of Queen Elizabeth ( the deceased Queen Mother ).

Nonnus ' principal work is the Dionysiaca, an epic in 48 books, the longest surviving poem from antiquity at 20, 426 lines, composed in Homeric dialect and dactylic hexameters, the main subject of which is the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west.

In antiquity, the Arabian Peninsula was an important route for the trade with India and Abyssinia.

This doctrine, represented in Greek antiquity especially by Empedocles and the Pythagoreans, had always been widespread in India, and even though it was found among some Muslim sects, such as the Rawendites, it was also a central tenet of Manichaeism, which was enjoying something of a renaissance in the region at the time of Anan.

During the High Renaissance period, Christopher Columbus traveled to what later become known as America ( though he was, in fact, searching for a faster trade route to India ) and Nicholas Copernicus discovered that Earth exists in a heliocentric solar system, contrary to the geocentric belief of centuries prior that held that the Earth is central and stationary, with all heavenly bodies orbiting it, even though this had been known ever since the antiquity.

He wrote extensively on Buddhism and its antiquity and believed that it was the original religion followed in India.

A system of public education called Gurukul existed in India since antiquity and continues to exist in some regions.

The Koṇēsvaram temple, with a recorded history from the 3rd century CE and legends attesting to classical antiquity attracted pilgrims from all parts of India.

* Eastern Christianity, collective term for the Christian traditions and churches which developed in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, Northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity

It is an epic in 48 books, the longest surviving poem from antiquity at 20, 426 lines, composed in Homeric dialect and dactylic hexameters, the main subject of which is the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west.

Soon after arriving in India in June 1833, a meeting with James Prinsep sparked his lifelong interest in Indian archaeology and antiquity.

Excavations carried out by Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) at Purana Quila in 1554-55 and again 1969 to 1973 by its Director, B B Lal have unearthed Painted Grey Ware dating 1000 B. C., confirming the antiquity of the fort.

The use of this name is known in India going back to antiquity.

Dr Don Martino notes that the merchants from north-west Kamboja had been conducting horse-trade with Sri Lanka following the west coast of India since remote antiquity ( Epigraphia Zeylanka, Vol II, No 13, p 76 ).

The Hindu revivalism movements that emerged in British India from the later 19th century developed an idea of a " Vedic science " found in the corpus of Brahmanas, Sutras and Shastras of Indian antiquity that supposedly anticipated certain results of modern science.