In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged.

( For instance, in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are considered eligible, whereas many hereditary monarchies have legal requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors that act both as de facto elections and to create situations of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election.

In line with certain other countries that were formerly monarchies, Italian law restricted the male line of the House of Savoy from entering Italy.

Some, especially absolute monarchies and certain military dictatorships, have made all political parties illegal.

In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands, a royal family may also include one or more former monarchs.

In most constitutional monarchies, however, members of a royal family perform certain public, social, or ceremonial functions, but refrain from any involvement in electoral politics or the actual governance of the country.

A speech from the throne ( or throne speech ) is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign ( or a representative ) reads a prepared speech to members of parliament, outlining the government's agenda for the coming session.

Historically, the same title was used ( sometimes alternating with other styles ), notably as head of government in certain of the many constituent monarchies of pre-reunion Germany, e. g. in Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel ( or Hesse-Cassel ), Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, in Hannover, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Reuss-Schleiz-Gera and Reuss Junior Line, electorate / kingdom Saxony, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

* Additionally, in some monarchies, the monarch held a certain mystical, almost priestly, position.

In monarchies that don't follow the European tradition, heads may be called Majesty whether or not they formally bear the title of King or Queen, as is the case in certain countries and amongst certain peoples in Africa and Asia.

She was certain now that it would be no harder to bear her child here in such pleasant surroundings than at home in the big white house in Haverhill.

It occurred to me that you might be interested in some thoughts which I expressed privately in recent years, in the hope of clearing up a certain confusion in the public mind about what foreign policy is all about and what it means, and of developing a certain compassion for those who are carrying such responsibilities inside Government.

Rather, such assignments are made, as they must be, on the basis of certain overall rules and standards, representing to some extent a statistical approach to the problem, taking into account for each situation some of the variables ( e.g., power and station separations ) and averaging out others in order to achieve the balance which must be struck between protection against destructive interference and the assignment of a number of stations large enough to afford optimum radio service to the Nation.

Fees are not the same and some states do not require certain craft, such as sailboats with no power, to be registered at all.

It is possible that certain mutational forms may be produced such as antibiotic resistant strains.

In the following paper it is shown that in a certain definite sense, exactly an odd number of squares can be inscribed in every such curve which does not contain an infinite number of inscribed squares.

The result of this attitude has been the domination of many orthography conferences by such considerations as typographic ' esthetics ', which usually turns out to be nothing more than certain prejudices carried over from European languages.

Lacking the respected and effective institutions that consensus helps provide, minority parties, such as the P.D.I. in 1957 and the progressive Istiqlal faction in 1958, clamor for elections when out of power, but are not at all certain they wish to be controlled by popular choice when in power.

Moreover, it is likely that Federal policies aimed at stimulating a faster rate of economic growth of the country, to keep ahead of the Communist countries and to demonstrate that our free economic system is better than theirs, will lead to rising Federal spending in certain areas such as education, housing, medical aid, and the like.

It permits referrals under certain circumstances even when there is a labor dispute, provided the individual is given written notice of such a dispute.

This push to confine the study of mass behaviour to the measurements of parameters involved in differential equations has led sociology perilously close to the reduction of the word `` mass '' to mean a small group in which certain relations between all pairs of individuals in such a group can be studied.

The point is that in a system such as Fromm's which recognizes unconscious motivations, and which rests on certain ethical absolutes, empirical data can be used to support whatever proposition the writer is urging at the moment.

W. F. Bryan suggests that certain kennings in Beowulf were selected sometimes for appropriateness and sometimes for ironic inappropriateness, but such a view would appear untenable unless it is denied that the language of Beowulf is formulaic.

It is false to be certain of having discovered in the language of Beowulf such effects as intentional irony.

These opportunities are to be found in certain cities in such crafts as auto mechanics, carpentry, drafting, electrical work, tool-and-die work, and sheet-metal work.

However, certain critical interlocutory court orders, such as the denial of a request for an interim injunction, or an order holding a person in contempt of court, can be appealed immediately although the case may otherwise not have been fully disposed of.

The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet ( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ) is well established, although languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters ( such as the French é, à, and ô ) and of certain combinations of letters ( multigraphs ).

He thought that certain uses of the verb " to be ", called the " is of identity " and the " is of predication ", were faulty in structure, e. g., a statement such as, " Elizabeth is a fool " ( said of a person named " Elizabeth " who has done something that we regard as foolish ).

In such a case, a court will accept an affidavit from the filing attorney in support of the motion, as certain assumptions are made, to wit: The affidavit in place of sworn testimony promotes judicial economy.

Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of Indo-European, Uralic, and Austronesian, we are able to frame substantial hypotheses, in the case of the proposed Altaic family everything remains to be done.

This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen.

In certain sensory neurons ( pseudounipolar neurons ), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon.

Finally, features such as long linear grooves were cut into the bedrock along certain roads which do not seem to point to a specific direction.

A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the Pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability — a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects.

Nomia melanderi can be found in tremendous numbers in certain parts of the United States west of the Great Plains, for example, in Utah and central Washington.

Besides those of the thiouracil and resorcinol types, certain antithyroid drugs have been found in naturally occurring foods.

Campbell studied the records of 172 school board members in twelve western cities over the period of 1931 - 40 and found `` little or no relationship between certain social and economic factors and school board competence '', as judged by a panel of professional educators who studied the voting records on educational issues.

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

He claimed to have seen the fabulous Irem, or City of Pillars, and to have found beneath the ruins of a certain nameless desert town the shocking annals and secrets of a race older than mankind.

Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul, cougar, foxes in the genus Pseudalopex, and, for birds, certain species of tinamous ( notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ), Andean Goose, Giant Coot, flamingos ( mainly associated with hypersaline lakes ), Lesser Rhea, Andean Flicker, Diademed Sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches.

In certain obscure magical writings of Egyptian origin ἀβραξάς or ἀβρασάξ is found associated with other names which frequently accompany it on gems ; it is also found on the Greek metal tesseræ among other mystic words.

Although agates may be found in various kinds of rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks and can be common in certain metamorphic rocks.

We are not certain that the word " democracy " was extant when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted, but around 460 BC an individual is known whose parents had decided to name him ' Democrates ', a name which may have been manufactured as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus, not a particularly democratic state.

Productive soils are found in most of the southern half of the province ( excluding the mountains ), and in certain parts of the north.

In 1890 and 1893, Staes cleared out certain less rich tholos-tombs at Thoricus in Attica ; and other graves, either rock-cut " bee-hives " or chambers, were found at Spata and Aphidna in Attica, in Aegina and Salamis, at the Argive Heraeum and Nauplia in the Argolid, near Thebes and Delphi, and not far from the Thessalian Larissa.

The nearest allies of the anoa appear to be certain extinct buffaloes, the remains of which are found in the Siwalik Hills of northern India.

The allele ADH1 B * 3 is only found in those of African descent and certain Native American tribes.

From knowledge of books held in the library at Malmesbury Abbey and available as source works, and from the identification of certain words particular to the local dialect found in the text, the transcription may have been made there.

However, certain Zarubintsy elements remained, found scattered throughout neighbouring areas of eastern Europe.

However, the 3DS and its predecessor the DSi lack the Game Boy Advance slot found on the DS and DS Lite, causing certain titles to lose functionality when played on the systems.

The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems.

Cyanides are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae and are found in a number of plants.

Cyanides are found, although in small amounts, in certain seeds and fruit stones, e. g., those of apple, mango, peach, and bitter almonds.

It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the Romans, but was a " Natural cement " made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate.

Frances was by then living with her parents in Scarborough, but Elsie's father told Gardner that he had been so certain the photographs were fakes that while the girls were away he searched their bedroom and the area around the beck ( stream ), looking for scraps of pictures or cutouts, but found nothing " incriminating ".

The layout of the genome within the nucleus is not random-specific regions of the genome have a tendency to be found in certain spaces.

They found that certain carbide forming elements, one of which was vanadium, did not disperse until the steel reached higher temperatures than those needed to dissolve the carbides.