Generally speaking in private, civil cases there is no plea entered of guilt or innocence.

The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases in which it considers civil liberties to be at risk.

Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

On the continent of Europe among some civil law systems ( i. e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic Code ), the inquisitorial system may be used for some types of cases.

The common law, as applied in civil cases ( as distinct from criminal cases ), was devised as a means of compensating someone for wrongful acts known as torts, including both intentional torts and torts caused by negligence, and as developing the body of law recognizing and regulating contracts.

The state itself was the obvious center of authority in the majority of cases, and the civil wars were thus fought for control of the state.

In most cases, constructive contempt is considered to be in the realm of civil contempt because of its passive nature.

However, some cases of civil contempt have been perceived as intending to harm the reputation of the plaintiff, or to a lesser degree, the judge or the court.

In civil contempt cases there is no principle of proportionality.

In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a legal case ; while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding.

The exception being those areas where, up to the 19th century, civil law rather than common law was the governing tradition, including admiralty law, probate and ecclesiastical law, such cases were heard in the Doctor's Commons, and argued by advocates who held degrees either of doctor of civil law at Oxford or doctor of law at Cambridge.

Monetary civil penalties for violation of this rule may in some cases be imposed on the litigant or the attorney under Rule 11.

The SM is resident in the Islands and hears the majority of cases from simple criminal and civil matters right up to very serious criminal matters or complex civil cases.

* Ordinary courts, dealing with criminal and most civil cases, are the most numerous by far.

A license typically allows the holder to carry one handgun, in some cases a long gun, and residents in certain settlements such as the West Bank are issued firearms by the government and given civil defense training.

As the potential for such invitations is enormous, such duties are often in part delegated: to such persons as a spouse, other members of the dynasty, a head of government or a cabinet minister or in other cases ( possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without giving protocollary offense ) just a military officer or civil servant.

) is used in almost all cases ( money, age, date on the civil calendar ).

* Abatement in pleading, a legal defense to civil and criminal actions based purely on procedural and technical issues involving the death of parties

The pre-World War I period in Britain was a period of worker strikes and civil unrest involving many violent confrontations between the police / troops, and civilians.

A civil war is a high-intensity conflict, often involving regular armed forces, that is sustained, organized and large-scale.

Singapore abolished Privy Council appeals in all cases save those involving the death penalty, or in civil cases where the parties had agreed to such a right of appeal, in 1989.

Juries sit in a few civil cases, in particular, defamation and cases involving the state.

The entrance process is voluntary for each country and is being monitored by multi-stakeholders involving government, private companies and civil society representatives, responsible for disclosure and dissemination of the reconciliation report ; however, the competitive disadvantage of company-by company public report is for some of the businesses in Ghana, the main constraint.

Conflicts between the government and rebel groups — the civil war involving north-south tensions, the Darfur conflict involving Arab-tribespeople tensions in the Darfur region in the west — have resulted in rape, torture, killings, and massive population displacements ( estimated at over 2 million in 2007 ), earning Sudan comparison to Rwanda in the press.

The riots were a result of the state court acquittal of three White and one Hispanic L. A. police officers by an all-white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King, but in 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case.

U. S. District Judge Ken Hoyt believed Fastow deserved leniency for his cooperation with the prosecution in several civil and criminal trials involving former Enron employees.

Most such cases are civil cases involving large sums of money or criminal trials arising from serious crimes like rape and murder.

State court systems usually have expedited procedures for civil disputes involving small dollar amounts ( typically under $ 5, 000 to $ 25, 000 depending upon the state court in question ), most of which involve collection of small contractual debts ( such as unpaid credit cards ) and landlord-tenant matters.

Federal bankruptcy court petitions generally interrupt pending state court proceedings in civil matters involving the petitioner ( with select exceptions, primarily for domestic relations matters ).

For a number of reasons, in particular the civil war that raged during the reign of Juan II and the subsequent conflicts involving the peasant farmers, the official Estudi General of Barcelona did not begin to develop until the reign of Fernando the Catholic ; but it was under King Charles I, in 1536, that the foundation stone was laid for the new university building at the top end of La Rambla.

This is also the standard of proof used in Grand Jury indictment proceedings ( which, unlike civil proceedings, are procedurally unrebuttable ), and in family court determinations solely involving money, such as child support under the Child Support Standards Act.

This standard is also known as " Clear and Convincing Evidence "; " Clear, Convincing, and Satisfactory Evidence "; " Clear, Cognizant, and Convincing Evidence "; and " Clear, Unequivocal, Satisfactory, and Convincing Evidence ", and is applied in cases or situations involving an equitable remedy or where a presumptive civil liberty interest exists.

Generally these took two forms: either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the Russian Revolution and civil war and the Basmachi rebellion.

Both civil parishes and baronies are now largely obsolete ( except for some purposes such as legal transactions involving land ) and are no longer used for local government purposes.

Generally, a final ruling by a district court in either a civil or a criminal case can be appealed to the United States court of appeals in the federal judicial circuit in which the district court is located, except that some district court rulings involving patents and certain other specialized matters must be appealed instead to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and in a very few cases the appeal may be taken directly to the United States Supreme Court.

Khánh ’ s action nullified a counter-plot involving Hương that had developed during the civil disorders that forced him from office.

Since 2004 the province has been plagued with labour safety issues, including a slave labour scandal involving children, causing significant civil unrest and national embarrassment.

For movements and phases of activity involving non-violent methods, see civil resistance and nonviolent resistance.

Their roles included mayor, chief of the police ( and, later, also of the fire department ), and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai.

The district court operates a small claims court to resolve civil cases involving monetary damages not exceeding $ 5, 000.

Since the 2002 civil war in Côte d ' Ivoire, relations between it and Burkina Faso have been filled with accusations of Burkinabé support for rebels on one side and claims of mistreatment of Burkinabé workers on the other .< ref > Blaise Campaoré :<< La crise ivoirienne inquiète le Burkina >>, Le Figaro, December 11, 2005 </ ref > Côte d ' Ivoire remains Burkina Faso's largest regional trading partner in spite of their disputes and tens of thousands of Burkinabés continue to work in the Ivory Coast.

Japanese law makes extensive use of in civil disputes.

The civil war remains the most traumatic, controversial and emotionally charged event in the history of modern Finland, and there have even been disputes about how to designate it.

The Red Finns did not accept total alliance with the Bolsheviks ; major disputes continued over demarcation of the border between Red Finland and Soviet Russia, and over the civil rights of Russian citizens in Finland.

By the early 1700s, it was wrecked with dynastic disputes and civil wars.

Native American ball sports, sometimes referred to as lacrosse, stickball, or baggataway, was often used to settle disputes ; rather than going to war which was a civil way to settle potential conflict.

In a letter to P. K. Rao, dated September 10, 1935, Gandhi disputes that his idea of civil disobedience was derived from the writings of Thoreau:

More recent studies have demonstrated that most of the magistrates ' legal work was in civil disputes, and that there was an elaborate system of civil law which used the criminal code to establish torts.

The use of mediation committees, informed groups of citizens who resolve about 90 % of the PRC's civil disputes and some minor criminal cases at no cost to the parties, is one innovative device.

A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

Before Henry II's civil war in southern Germany erupted, Otto II was faced with disputes in western Germany.

The empire, wracked with civil war for the last century of the Republic and for years following the Pax Romana, was largely free of large-scale power disputes.

A large share of the balance of civil cases in courts of general jurisdiction involve divorces, child custody disputes, child abuse cases, uncontested probate administrations, and personal injury cases that do not involve workplace injuries ( which are usually handled through a non-judicial workers compensation process ).

A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Procedural law governs the rules by which courts operate: civil procedure for private disputes ( for example ); and criminal procedure for violation of the criminal law.

Their civil jurisdiction is also intermediate, typically being for civil disputes where the amount claimed is greater than a few tens of thousands of dollars but less than a few hundreds of thousands of dollars.

But disputes broke out amongst the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible ; Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong measures for the suppression of the revolt.

The project did not go smoothly, as there were disputes between James Bough, the superintendent of the canal company, and Pinkertons, who were the civil engineering contractors employed to carry out the work.

Domains which are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy ( UDRP ), however, Germany's DENIC requires people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with Intellectual Property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service.

All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organisations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO.

After the death of King Peter of Castile in 1369, the kingdom was drawn yet deeper in a civil war, disputes and long rivalled between English claimant, John, Duke of Lancaster, and two successive Trastamare claimants, Kings Henry II of Castile and his son John I of Castile.