A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

Cyberspace is the electronic medium of computer networks, in which online communication takes place.

Alternatively, each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users.

Figure ( a ) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system ; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link.

Figure ( b ) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links.

* Bus ( computing ), used for connecting components of a computer or communication between computers

In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

In computer science, graphs are used to represent networks of communication, data organization, computational devices, the flow of computation, etc.

Garbage in, garbage out ( abbreviated to GIGO, possibly intended to parallel the phrase first-in, first-out ) is a phrase in the field of computer science or information and communication technology.

This primarily concerns unauthorized remote computer break-ins via a communication networks such as the Internet ( Black hats ), but also includes those who debug or fix security problems ( White hats ), and the morally ambiguous Grey hats.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure ( HTTPS ) is a widely used communications protocol for secure communication over a computer network, with especially wide deployment on the Internet.

IEEE 802. 11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network ( WLAN ) computer communication in the 2. 4, 3. 6 and 5 GHz frequency bands.

Each student works on his / her own, with only a computer and no other help allowed, specifically no communication with other contestants, books etc.

An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device ( e. g., computer, printer ) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

The word is sometimes used to refer to codes, ciphers and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for computer programming.

This has been thought to make it suitable for human – computer communication, which led Robert A. Heinlein to mention the language in his science fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress ( 1966 ), and as a fully-fledged computer language in The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ).

Though the exact definition varies between scholars, natural language can broadly be defined in contrast on the one hand to artificial or constructed languages, such as computer programming languages like Python and international auxiliary languages like Esperanto, and on the other hand to other communication systems in nature, such as the waggle dance of bees.

* Open Systems Interconnection, a joint ISO and ITU-T standard for computer networks and communication protocols

Pretty Good Privacy ( PGP ) is a data encryption and decryption computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication.

A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for communication among computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants.

The advantages of using psychophysiological indices are that their changes are continuous, measures are covert and implicit, and only available data source when the user interacts with the computer without any explicit communication or input device.

More complex systems use programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface.

In the case of computer networking, the metric is computed by a routing algorithm, and can cover such information as bandwidth, network delay, hop count, path cost, load, MTU, reliability, and communication cost ( see e. g. this survey for a list of proposed routing metrics ).

Since the air is a continuum, the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points ( the people ) in the net.

The connective system, or network, is tailored to meet the requirements of the objective, and it is therefore not surprising that a military body acting as a single coordinated unit has a different communication network than a factory, a college, or a rural village.

Allowing direct data link layer communication between customer nodes exposes the network to various security attacks, such as ARP spoofing.

's transportation and communication network is limited.

In Hollywood movie Transformers when the Defense Purpose electronic communication fails ( mainly due to interference of the villain entities ) an officer tries to place a call back home through commercial network, but fails to get through the typical Indian call center, mainly due to the over-zealous salesmanship of the Indian operator who is more interested in advertising their new package than putting the call through.

While cyberspace should not be confused with the Internet, the term is often used to refer to objects and identities that exist largely within the communication network itself, so that a Website, for example, might be metaphorically said to " exist in cyberspace.

Although the more radical consequences of the global communication network predicted by some cyberspace proponents ( i. e. the diminishing of state influence envisioned by John Perry Barlow ) failed to materialize and the word lost some of its novelty appeal, it remains current as of 2006.

BlitzMail, the campus e-mail network, plays a tremendous role in social life, as students tend to use it for communication in lieu of cellular phones or instant messaging programs.

First, the very nature of the application may require the use of a communication network that connects several computers.

In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the WorldWideWeb web browser and transformed an academic telecommunication network into a worldwide everyman everyday communication system called internet / www.

At the same time Vittorio Mussolini created a national production company and organized the work of noted authors, directors and actors ( including even some political opponents ), thereby creating an interesting communication network among them, which produced several noted friendships and stimulated cultural interaction.

HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.

* Data communication over the telephone network, V-series

# The link layer ( commonly Ethernet ) contains communication technologies for a local network.

However, a rudimentary network begun under French colonial rule and continued from the 1950s has provided an important means of increased intervillage communication, movement of market goods, and a focus for new settlements.

The Forum serves as a communication platform between the space sector and the public ; it is embedded in a global network of specialists from the space industry, research and policy.

Asynchronous IPC is analogous to network communication: the sender dispatches a message and continues executing.

IP multicast is a technique for one-to-many communication over an IP infrastructure in a network.