After the release of the Apple Lisa computer in January 1983, Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a local area networking ( LAN ) system for the machines.

Wireless broadband is technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area.

Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing computer software, designing computer hardware and computer networking infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the provision of information technology services including System Administration and Maintenance.

DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface.

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks ( LANs ).

* Reliability ( computer networking )

This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning.

* Ethernet hub, computer networking device

* Head-of-line blocking, a performance-limiting phenomenon in computer networking

Internetworking ( a combination of the words inter (" between ") and networking ; it is not internet-working or international-network ) is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks.

Additionally, both sender and receiver are constrained linguistically by the properties of the internet software, computer hardware and networking hardware linking them.

In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP / IP as the standard for all military computer networking.

In computer networking, use of NAT ( Network Address Translation ) ( RFC 1918 ) or PAT ( Port Address Translation ) to cope with the shortage of IPv4 addresses is an example of a kludge.

During the same period, Unix computer workstations from vendors such as Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Silicon Graphics, Intergraph, NeXT and Apollo were using TCP / IP based networking.

Despite being modest in number ( perhaps 7, 000 units total as of 1988 ), Lisp machines commercially pioneered many now-commonplace technologies – including effective garbage collection, laser printing, windowing systems, computer mice, high-resolution bit-mapped graphics, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations like CHAOSNet.

These companies introduced the concept of directory services to information technology and computer networking, their input culminating in the comprehensive X. 500 specification, a suite of protocols produced by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the 1980s.

In addition to developing the predecessors to modern computing and networking technologies, students, staff, and faculty members at Project MAC, the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Tech Model Railroad Club wrote some of the earliest interactive computer video games like Spacewar!

The game's demo file included information needed for computer networking ; however, to prevent cheating, id warned of legal action for dissemination of the file format.

The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

APL ( named after the book A Programming Language ) is an interactive array-oriented language and integrated development environment, which is available from a number of commercial and noncommercial vendors and for most computer platforms .< ref >

This cutting-edge technology has a promising potential of leading a new revolution in science as integrated circuits did in computer developments.

Programming tools are intended to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and they may be combined in an integrated development environment ( IDE ) to more easily manage all of these functions.

Digital Ocean, Inc. an OEM licensee of the Apple Newton, offered the Seahorse product, which integrated the Newton handheld computer, an AMPS / CDPD handset / modem along with a web browser in 1996, winning the CTIA's hardware product of the year award as a smartphone, arguably the world's first.

The 1571 built into the European plastic-case C128 D computer is electronically identical to the stand-alone version, but 1571 version integrated into the later metal-case C128 D ( often called C128 DCR, for D Cost Reduced ) differs a lot from the stand-alone 1571.

The history of stored-program computers relates first to computer architecture, that is, the organization of the units to perform input and output, to store data and to operate as an integrated mechanism.

An integrated development environment ( IDE ) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.

The S2 featured an integrated analog-to-digital converter under program control, making it the first process-controlled computer.

But as integrated circuit technology shrank the size and cost of computers in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the memory requirements of AI programs started to exceed the address space of the most common research computer, the DEC PDP-10, researchers considered a new approach: a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs, and tailored to the semantics of the Lisp programming language.

A microcontroller ( sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU ) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input / output peripherals.

He is also credited ( along with Jack Kilby ) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip which fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.

* The triode tube ( Audion ), transistor and integrated circuit revolutionized computers, leading to the proliferation of the personal computer in the 1980s and cell phones and the public-use Internet in the 1990s.

In most modern general purpose computer architectures, one or more FPUs are integrated with the CPU ; however many embedded processors, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating-point operations.

Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated ..

Numerical modeling also provides new insights as observations and new discoveries are integrated into our physical understanding and then tested in computer simulations which validate new notions as well as produce entirely new theoretical findings, many of which are otherwise unattainable.

* The LLNL is very strong in computer science, with thrust areas in computing applications and research, integrated computing and communications systems, and cyber security.

Moore may have heard Douglas Engelbart, a co-inventor of today's mechanical computer mouse, discuss the projected downscaling of integrated circuit size in a 1960 lecture.

Once the sound effects are recorded or captured, they are usually loaded into a computer integrated with an audio non-linear editing system.

A Teller Assist Unit may also share many of the same components as an ATM ( including a vault ), but they are distinct in that they are designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not the general public, they do not integrate directly into interbank networks, and are usually controlled by a computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.

At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight.

When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.

When the instruments being calibrated are integrated with computers, the integrated computer programs and any calibration corrections are also under control.