After the release of the Apple Lisa computer in January 1983, Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a local area networking ( LAN ) system for the machines.

Wireless broadband is technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area.

Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing computer software, designing computer hardware and computer networking infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the provision of information technology services including System Administration and Maintenance.

DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface.

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks ( LANs ).

* Reliability ( computer networking )

This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning.

* Ethernet hub, computer networking device

* Head-of-line blocking, a performance-limiting phenomenon in computer networking

Internetworking ( a combination of the words inter (" between ") and networking ; it is not internet-working or international-network ) is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks.

Additionally, both sender and receiver are constrained linguistically by the properties of the internet software, computer hardware and networking hardware linking them.

In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP / IP as the standard for all military computer networking.

In computer networking, use of NAT ( Network Address Translation ) ( RFC 1918 ) or PAT ( Port Address Translation ) to cope with the shortage of IPv4 addresses is an example of a kludge.

During the same period, Unix computer workstations from vendors such as Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Silicon Graphics, Intergraph, NeXT and Apollo were using TCP / IP based networking.

Despite being modest in number ( perhaps 7, 000 units total as of 1988 ), Lisp machines commercially pioneered many now-commonplace technologies – including effective garbage collection, laser printing, windowing systems, computer mice, high-resolution bit-mapped graphics, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations like CHAOSNet.

These companies introduced the concept of directory services to information technology and computer networking, their input culminating in the comprehensive X. 500 specification, a suite of protocols produced by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the 1980s.

In addition to developing the predecessors to modern computing and networking technologies, students, staff, and faculty members at Project MAC, the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Tech Model Railroad Club wrote some of the earliest interactive computer video games like Spacewar!

The game's demo file included information needed for computer networking ; however, to prevent cheating, id warned of legal action for dissemination of the file format.

The pupils could download software from the teachers computer through a network based on a fast serial connection, as well as sending back their work to the teachers computer.

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet ( an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology ), though not all devices reach this maximum.

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.

Originally the word " broadband " had a technical meaning, but became a marketing term for any kind of relatively high-speed computer network or Internet access technology.

A user is an agent, either a human agent ( end-user ) or software agent, who uses a computer or network service.

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming.

The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis.

# REDIRECT computer network

Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself.

Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.

Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system.

These shared resources are available to every computer in the network, while each of them communicates in a session.

Each computer acts as both the client and the server which means all the computers on the network are equals, that is where the term peer-to-peer comes from.

In the peer to peer network, software applications can be installed on the single computer and shared by every computer in the network.

In these events, the computer system acted as it should in identifying a file and then, following the user ’ s orders to execute the file, exposed the computer and network to a harmful virus.

Filters can be implemented in many different ways: by a software program on a personal computer, via network infrastructure such as proxy servers that provide Internet access.

It can be independently operated or networked with additional centres, often linked to a corporate computer network, including mainframes, microcomputers and LANs.

The high price was likely due to the rare documents and packaging offered in the sale in addition to the computer, including the original packaging ( with the return label showing Steve Jobs ' parents ' address, the original Apple Computer Inc ' headquarters ' being their garage ), a personally typed and signed letter from Jobs ( answering technical questions about the computer ), and the original invoice showing ' Steven ' as the salesman.

To address the concerns of parents that home computers were a better investment than consoles, the system was designed to be upgraded to a full-fledged home computer.

" Until this time IP address registration in the ARIN region was done by a department within the Network Solutions corporation, which provided the initial staff and computer infrastructure for ARIN.

Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specified by an address — a bit string that can be itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program.

On receiving a valid request, the server assigns the computer an IP address, a lease ( length of time the allocation is valid ), and other IP configuration parameters, such as the subnet mask and the default gateway.

Upon disconnecting, the IP address is returned to the pool for use by another computer.

* dynamic allocation: A network administrator assigns a range of IP addresses to DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN is configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization.

In principle, such methods may be applied to any system, given sufficient computer resources, and may address fundamental questions such as naked singularities.

The size of the grouping varies but computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register, or memory address as an integer ; the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers.

An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device ( e. g., computer, printer ) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

The device needed several additional ICs to produce a functional computer, in part due to its small 18-pin " memory-package ", which ruled out the use of a separate address bus ( Intel was primarily a DRAM manufacturer at the time ).

Each device on the Internet, such as a computer or mobile telephone, must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate with other devices.

But as integrated circuit technology shrank the size and cost of computers in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the memory requirements of AI programs started to exceed the address space of the most common research computer, the DEC PDP-10, researchers considered a new approach: a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs, and tailored to the semantics of the Lisp programming language.

There may also be a memory address register and a memory data register, used to access the main computer storage.

The Memory Data Register is half of a minimal interface between a microprogram and computer storage, the other half is a memory address register.

Routers may also be used to connect two or more logical groups of computer devices known as subnets, each with a different sub-network address.

In computer science, a remote procedure call ( RPC ) is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space ( commonly on another computer on a shared network ) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction.

If no other hardware responds, the CPU raises an exception, stating that the requested physical address is unrecognized by the whole computer system.