After the release of the Apple Lisa computer in January 1983, Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a local area networking ( LAN ) system for the machines.

Wireless broadband is technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area.

Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing computer software, designing computer hardware and computer networking infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the provision of information technology services including System Administration and Maintenance.

DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface.

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks ( LANs ).

* Reliability ( computer networking )

This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning.

* Ethernet hub, computer networking device

* Head-of-line blocking, a performance-limiting phenomenon in computer networking

Internetworking ( a combination of the words inter (" between ") and networking ; it is not internet-working or international-network ) is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks.

Additionally, both sender and receiver are constrained linguistically by the properties of the internet software, computer hardware and networking hardware linking them.

In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP / IP as the standard for all military computer networking.

In computer networking, use of NAT ( Network Address Translation ) ( RFC 1918 ) or PAT ( Port Address Translation ) to cope with the shortage of IPv4 addresses is an example of a kludge.

During the same period, Unix computer workstations from vendors such as Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Silicon Graphics, Intergraph, NeXT and Apollo were using TCP / IP based networking.

Despite being modest in number ( perhaps 7, 000 units total as of 1988 ), Lisp machines commercially pioneered many now-commonplace technologies – including effective garbage collection, laser printing, windowing systems, computer mice, high-resolution bit-mapped graphics, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations like CHAOSNet.

These companies introduced the concept of directory services to information technology and computer networking, their input culminating in the comprehensive X. 500 specification, a suite of protocols produced by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the 1980s.

In addition to developing the predecessors to modern computing and networking technologies, students, staff, and faculty members at Project MAC, the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Tech Model Railroad Club wrote some of the earliest interactive computer video games like Spacewar!

The game's demo file included information needed for computer networking ; however, to prevent cheating, id warned of legal action for dissemination of the file format.

In 1947, Fermi invented the FERMIAC, an analog computer that used the Monte Carlo Method to study neutron transport through fissionable materials.

Douglas Adams's 1998 computer game Starship Titanic features the " Succ-U-Bus " in almost every room – being a pneumatic pipe transport system which goes all around the ship ; players must understand and use the Succ-U-Bus in order to progress and solve the puzzles.

Queues provide services in computer science, transport, and operations research where various entities such as data, objects, persons, or events are stored and held to be processed later.

The quality of service ( QoS ) refers to several related aspects of telephony and computer networks that allow the transport of traffic with special requirements.

Some CPUs have been specifically designed to have a very small set of instructions – but these designs are very different from classic RISC designs, so they have been given other names such as minimal instruction set computer ( MISC ), or transport triggered architecture ( TTA ), etc.

In computer networking, cell relay refers to a method of statistically multiplexing small fixed-length packets, called " cells ", to transport data between computers or kinds of network equipment.

Although the Transmission control protocol ( TCP ) involves the term " transmission ", TCP and other transport layer protocols are typically not discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission, but in computer networking.

Maps can be more useful than globes in many situations: they are more compact and easier to store ; they readily accommodate an enormous range of scales ; they are viewed easily on computer displays ; they can facilitate measuring properties of the terrain being mapped ; they can show larger portions of the Earth's surface at once ; and they are cheaper to produce and transport.

As a method to resolve or understand the extent of soil contamination and subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented.

As well as being the first American commercial computer, the UNIVAC I was the first American computer designed at the outset for business and administrative use ( i. e., for the fast execution of large numbers of relatively simple arithmetic and data transport operations, as opposed to the complex numerical calculations required by scientific computers ).

The CEN Transmodel data model, and the related IFOPT data interchange standard, defines how transport transport systems, including bus stops should be described for use in computer models.

To help transport the Apple IIc and its accessory pieces around, Apple sold a nylon carrying case with shoulder strap that had a compartment for the computer, its external power supply, and the cables.

When divers travel before or after diving and particularly when they fly, they should transport their dive computer with them in the same pressure regime so that the computer can measure the pressure profile that their body has undergone.

In London, the Oyster card payment system can track the movement of individual people through the public transport system, although an anonymous option is available, while the London congestion charge uses computer imaging to track car number plates.

* Transport, in computer networking, the function of issuing and responding to service requests in transport layers and associated transport protocols

* Google has reportedly used a sneakernet to transport datasets too large for current computer networks, up to 120TB in size.

A train simulator is a computer based simulation of rail transport operations.

* Move / Transport: backs up a program ( usually packs all required files and registry entries in a " transport package ", which can be transported and installed in another computer ) and uninstalls them

The central processing unit consists of a minicomputer, a computer console and page printer, a magnetic tape transport and a magnetic disk memory unit.

CAUC research focus extensively in flight safety, aircraft type selection, aircraft and engine failure diagnosis, FANS, economic benefits evaluation for civil aviation enterprises, air transport management, information engineering and computer application.

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.

< imagemap > Image: Operating system placement. svg | thumb | A layer structure showing where the operating system software and application software are situated while running on a typical desktop computer

In computer networking, the maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of a communications protocol of a layer is the size ( in bytes ) of the largest protocol data unit that the layer can pass onwards.

* Ring ( computer security ), a layer of protection in computer systems

When the client program on the destination computer receives them, the TCP layer ( Transport Layer ) reassembles the individual segments and ensures they are correctly ordered and error free as it streams them to an application.

It creates a hardware abstraction layer where software is written to use a generalized set of commands, allowing for device independence and reuse of programs on any computer that implements X.

The Transport layer in the OSI model as well as TCP / IP model provides statistical multiplexing of several application layer data flows to / from the same computer.

In computer networking, because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the data being transmitted, they operate on the physical layer, the first layer of the OSI model.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, ' packet ' strictly refers to a data unit at layer 3, the Network Layer.

On some types of proprietary computer hardware, an Access Control List refers to rules that are applied to port numbers or network daemon names that are available on a host or other layer 3, each with a list of hosts and / or networks permitted to use the service.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first ( lowest ) layer.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3.

* Zeelich — A planet covered by a thick layer of gas clouds above a sea of lava in the computer game Little Big Adventure 2.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network.

The Linux framebuffer ( fbdev ) is a graphic hardware-independent abstraction layer to show graphics on a computer monitor, typically on the console.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the session layer is layer 5.